Cite
them right - notes
----------------------------
from page 5 - CITE THEM RIGHT BOOKCiting multiple sources
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, these can be separated by semicolons. (;) then chronologically by year of publication, with most recent first.
eg.Recent studies (Williams,2009; Andrews et al., 2008; Martin and Richards, 2008; Town, 2009) considered...Citing multiple-author edited publications
If you want to cite a book edited by Holmes and Baker, which has for example ten contributors, but does not specify who wrote which section or chapter, follow this format.
eg.Recent research (Holmes and Baker, 2009, pp.411-428) proved...Citing multiple publications published in the same year by the same authorsCiting more than two or more publications by an author or authors published in the same year. To distinguish between the authors use lower case letters in alphabetical order after publication date.
eg.in his study Miller (2006a, p.18) emphasised the painter's mastery. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller,2006b,pp. 143-152) argued that...
in reference list this would be shown as:
Miller, S. (2006a) Flemish masters.
London; Phaidon Press
Miller, S. (2006b) Rubens.
London: Killington PressTo cite different editions of the same work by the same author, separate the dataes of publication with a semicolon:
In both editions (Hawksworth, 2007;2002)Where author cannot be identified
In a recent study (Health of the nation, 2009, p.94), statistics showed...Where the date of the work cannot be identified, use the phrase 'no date'
In an interesting survey, the authors (Harvey and Williams, no date, pp.243-245) conclude that much research has concentrated on...Where both the author and date are unknown, the citation would look like this:
Integrated transport systems clearly work (Trends in European Transport systems, no date p. 49).If citing a webpage:
The latest survey of professionals () reveals that ...Setting out quotations
Quotations should be relevant to your argument and used judiciously in your text.
eg.
Bryson (2004, p. 156) commented that 'If you need to illustrate the idea of 19c America as a land of opportunity,etc'.
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph:
King (1997) describes the interwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages:
quote inline of the etc...while summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw...Paraphrasing
Eg.
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical...etc
Putting someone else's writing in own words.Summarising
Netheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and linguistic links between,etcMaking changes to quotations
'Drug prevention...efforts backed this up' (Gardner,2007, p.49).Adding additional words to quotations
'In this field [crime prevention], community support officers...' (Higgins, 2008, p.17).Pointing out an error in a quotation
Wiiliams (2008, p.86) noted that 'builders maid [sic]' bricks
'Hast thou not removed one Grain of Dirt and Rhubbish?' (Kent)
'Have you not removed one grain of dirt or rubbish?' (Kent, 1727, p.2, spelling modernised)If original text includes italics make su re that these are included
'Large numbers of women etc'Secondary referencing – citing the work of one author when it has been cited in the work of another author
eg.
(CITED SOURCE AND AUTHOR IN BRACKETS)
Murray's conclusion (2007, p.82) supports the views of White (2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p.82) on genetic abnormalities in crops.
(BOTH AUTHORS IN BRACKETS)
There was further evidence to support researchers' views on crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).
(FIRST AUTHORS PUBLICATION IN BRACKETS)
Murray (2007, p. 82), citing White's views on genetic abnormalities in crops (2001), supports the view that...
Citethemright: Page 9How should I set out references in my reference list and bibliography?
In the Harvard (author-date) system, your references link with the in-text citations so that the reader can confirm the full publication details of the work cited in the text.
Example:In-text citation
In a recently published survey (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p. 93) the authors argue that...Reference list:
Hill, P., Smith, R. And Reid, L. (2010) Education in the 21st century. London: Education Research Press
Works cited in appendices but not in the main text should still be included in the reference list.
Examples:
Surname, first letter - Hill, P
Contributing names
Some publications are written by corporations ie.University of Cumbria
If publication is compiled by an editor or editors – add (ed) or (eds)
Do not use anon, use the title of the work
Title of publication in italics
PAGE 10:
- only include edition number if it is higher than the first edition, edition is abbreviated to ednPlace of publication and publisher
included for books in this order – place of publication: publisher
ie. London: Initial Music PublishingISBNs
ISBNs are not normally used in referencesPage reference
- usually only need to include page numbers in the in-text citation, and not in the reference list unless a particular chapter is being referred to, then show a range pp. 90-99.Series
Include series and volume number if relevantTitle of journal/newspaper article
- use the title given at the beginning of the article
- put the title in quotesTitle of journal/newspaper
- use the title given on the journal/newspaper front cover
- capitalise the first letter of each word, except for linking words such as as, and, of, the, for
- put the title of the journal/newspaper in italics
- abbreviate titles of science journalsIssue info
For serial publications (journals, newspapers, etc) include the following information
order volume number, followed by issue/part number in round brackets, date or season for example 87(3); or summer; or 19 julyURL (Uniform Resource Locator)
When referencing a web page, you include the same details as you would for a book (author, title, publisher/producer)
Can truncate the web page url if necessary
Include the date you accessed a webpage ie. (Accessed: 14 Feb 2010)
Online information using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
ie. 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312Journal articles using article numbers and DOIs
Some publishers use article numbers instead of issue and page numbers. Each article has a new set of page numbers, rather than the traditional model of a single set of page numbers running through all the articles in an issue.Unpublished works
You can cite and reference unpublished documents, research and so on in the same way as published, but make it clear that the work remains unpublished.
ChecklistBook:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication in italics, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition.Chapter from Book:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition, Page number(s).E-books:
Author, Year of publication, Title of Publication, Publisher, Edition, URL, Date accessed.Journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of Publication, Issue information, Page number(s).Electronic journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s), URL, Date accessed.Internet site:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication, URL, Date accessed.Newspaper article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s).
PAGE 14How to cite and reference sources using the Harvard (author-date) style:
Sources:
-----------
Reference list items:
1.1 Books
Author, editor, year, title, edition, place of publication, publisher.
Bell, J. (ed) (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press1.2 Electronic Books (e-books)
Author, year of publication of book, title of book, name of e-book collection, online, available at, accessed date.
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Doing your research project. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2010)1.3 Historical books in online collections
Author, year of publication, title of publication, title of online publication, online, available at url, accessed date.
Adam, R. (1764) Ruins of the palace. Eighteenth century collections online [Online]. Available at: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO (Accessed: 2 June 2010)
Henry, W. (1823) The elements of experimental chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.com/books (Accessed: 8 April 2010)1.4 Reprint editions
David, M. (1968) Towards honesty in public relations. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1990.1.5 Translated books
Schweitzer, A, (1911) J.S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. Reprint, New York; Dover Publications, 1996.1.6 Chapters/sections of edited books
Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initials), year of publication, title of chapter/section, in plus author, editor, title of book, place of publication, page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem' in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.1.7 Multi-volume works
Author, year of publication, title of book, volumes, place of publication.
Butcher, R. (1961) A new british flora (2 vols). London: Leonard Hill.1.8 Chapters in multi-volume works
Author of the chapter/section, year of publication, title of chapter/section, in, title of book, place of publication, page numbers of chapter/section.1.9 Reference books
(with author)
Beal, P. (2008) 'Folio', A dictionary of English manuscript technology: 1450 to 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(no author)
Collins beginner's German dictionary (2008) New York: Collins1.10 Online reference books
Rose, M.R. (2007) 'Adaptation' in Levin, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of biodiversity, pp. 17-23 [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/275486965
(Accessed: 5 March 2010).
Example of printed reference work: that is being updated online:
Badash, L. (2004) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 381-389
Work which is being updated online, but not updated in print.
Badash, L. (2008) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography (2004) [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35891 (Accessed: 25 May 2010)1.11 Atlases
The Times atlas of the world (2002) London: Times Books.1.12 Audiobooks
same as 20.4 and 20.51.13 Pamphlets
same as 1.1
Bradley, M. (1994) How to use. London: ASLIB.1.14 Exhibition Catalogues
Author of catalogue, (year)1.15 Anthologies
Editor/compiler of anthology/year of publication/title of book/place of publication
West, C. (compiler and illustrator) (1989)
The beginner's book of bad behaviour.
London: Beaver Books.
Line of poem within anthology
Author of poem, year of publication, title of poem, in plus author/editor/compiler of book
Title of book, place of publication, page reference1.16 Lines with plays
Author, Year of publication, title, edition information, place of publication, act.scene.line.
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, TJB. London: Penguin. 1.2: 177.1.17 Sacred texts
1.17 a.The Bible
Book of the Bible, chapter: verse
Matthew 5: 3-121.17 b.The Torah
eg.
Torah. Shemot 3:141.17 c.The Qur'an
Qur'an 20:261.18 Bibliographies
Ushpol (1958) noted the key research...
Ushpol, R. (1958) Select bibliography of South African autobiographies. Cape Town, School of Librarianship2 Journal articles
2.1 Articles in printed journals
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, Issue information, Page reference.
Dawes, J. And Rowley, J. (1998) 'Enhancing the customer experience: contributions from information technology', Management Decision, 36(5), pp. 350-357.2.2 Journal/newspaper articles in online collections (e-journals/online newspapers)
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, vol, issue, page no, +name of collection (italics), [online], available at url/doi, accessed (date).
t.3 Articles in individual online journals (e-journals)
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue, [online], available at, (accessed: date)2.4 Articles in open access journals (e-journals)
Author, year, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue no, name of open access ,
archive, [online], available at, (accessed: date)3. Newspaper articles
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, edition if required, day and month, page reference.
Old, D. (2008) 'House prices', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p.25 3.1 Printed newspapers
3.2 Articles from individual online newspapers
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, day and month, [online], available at, (accessed: date)
----------------------------
from page 5 - CITE THEM RIGHT BOOKCiting multiple sources
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, these can be separated by semicolons. (;) then chronologically by year of publication, with most recent first.
eg.Recent studies (Williams,2009; Andrews et al., 2008; Martin and Richards, 2008; Town, 2009) considered...Citing multiple-author edited publications
If you want to cite a book edited by Holmes and Baker, which has for example ten contributors, but does not specify who wrote which section or chapter, follow this format.
eg.Recent research (Holmes and Baker, 2009, pp.411-428) proved...Citing multiple publications published in the same year by the same authorsCiting more than two or more publications by an author or authors published in the same year. To distinguish between the authors use lower case letters in alphabetical order after publication date.
eg.in his study Miller (2006a, p.18) emphasised the painter's mastery. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller,2006b,pp. 143-152) argued that...
in reference list this would be shown as:
Miller, S. (2006a) Flemish masters.
London; Phaidon Press
Miller, S. (2006b) Rubens.
London: Killington PressTo cite different editions of the same work by the same author, separate the dataes of publication with a semicolon:
In both editions (Hawksworth, 2007;2002)Where author cannot be identified
In a recent study (Health of the nation, 2009, p.94), statistics showed...Where the date of the work cannot be identified, use the phrase 'no date'
In an interesting survey, the authors (Harvey and Williams, no date, pp.243-245) conclude that much research has concentrated on...Where both the author and date are unknown, the citation would look like this:
Integrated transport systems clearly work (Trends in European Transport systems, no date p. 49).If citing a webpage:
The latest survey of professionals () reveals that ...Setting out quotations
Quotations should be relevant to your argument and used judiciously in your text.
eg.
Bryson (2004, p. 156) commented that 'If you need to illustrate the idea of 19c America as a land of opportunity,etc'.
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph:
King (1997) describes the interwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages:
quote inline of the etc...while summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw...Paraphrasing
Eg.
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical...etc
Putting someone else's writing in own words.Summarising
Netheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and linguistic links between,etcMaking changes to quotations
'Drug prevention...efforts backed this up' (Gardner,2007, p.49).Adding additional words to quotations
'In this field [crime prevention], community support officers...' (Higgins, 2008, p.17).Pointing out an error in a quotation
Wiiliams (2008, p.86) noted that 'builders maid [sic]' bricks
'Hast thou not removed one Grain of Dirt and Rhubbish?' (Kent)
'Have you not removed one grain of dirt or rubbish?' (Kent, 1727, p.2, spelling modernised)If original text includes italics make su re that these are included
'Large numbers of women etc'Secondary referencing – citing the work of one author when it has been cited in the work of another author
eg.
(CITED SOURCE AND AUTHOR IN BRACKETS)
Murray's conclusion (2007, p.82) supports the views of White (2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p.82) on genetic abnormalities in crops.
(BOTH AUTHORS IN BRACKETS)
There was further evidence to support researchers' views on crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).
(FIRST AUTHORS PUBLICATION IN BRACKETS)
Murray (2007, p. 82), citing White's views on genetic abnormalities in crops (2001), supports the view that...
Citethemright: Page 9How should I set out references in my reference list and bibliography?
In the Harvard (author-date) system, your references link with the in-text citations so that the reader can confirm the full publication details of the work cited in the text.
Example:In-text citation
In a recently published survey (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p. 93) the authors argue that...Reference list:
Hill, P., Smith, R. And Reid, L. (2010) Education in the 21st century. London: Education Research Press
Works cited in appendices but not in the main text should still be included in the reference list.
Examples:
Surname, first letter - Hill, P
Contributing names
Some publications are written by corporations ie.University of Cumbria
If publication is compiled by an editor or editors – add (ed) or (eds)
Do not use anon, use the title of the work
Title of publication in italics
PAGE 10:
- only include edition number if it is higher than the first edition, edition is abbreviated to ednPlace of publication and publisher
included for books in this order – place of publication: publisher
ie. London: Initial Music PublishingISBNs
ISBNs are not normally used in referencesPage reference
- usually only need to include page numbers in the in-text citation, and not in the reference list unless a particular chapter is being referred to, then show a range pp. 90-99.Series
Include series and volume number if relevantTitle of journal/newspaper article
- use the title given at the beginning of the article
- put the title in quotesTitle of journal/newspaper
- use the title given on the journal/newspaper front cover
- capitalise the first letter of each word, except for linking words such as as, and, of, the, for
- put the title of the journal/newspaper in italics
- abbreviate titles of science journalsIssue info
For serial publications (journals, newspapers, etc) include the following information
order volume number, followed by issue/part number in round brackets, date or season for example 87(3); or summer; or 19 julyURL (Uniform Resource Locator)
When referencing a web page, you include the same details as you would for a book (author, title, publisher/producer)
Can truncate the web page url if necessary
Include the date you accessed a webpage ie. (Accessed: 14 Feb 2010)
Online information using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
ie. 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312Journal articles using article numbers and DOIs
Some publishers use article numbers instead of issue and page numbers. Each article has a new set of page numbers, rather than the traditional model of a single set of page numbers running through all the articles in an issue.Unpublished works
You can cite and reference unpublished documents, research and so on in the same way as published, but make it clear that the work remains unpublished.
ChecklistBook:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication in italics, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition.Chapter from Book:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition, Page number(s).E-books:
Author, Year of publication, Title of Publication, Publisher, Edition, URL, Date accessed.Journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of Publication, Issue information, Page number(s).Electronic journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s), URL, Date accessed.Internet site:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication, URL, Date accessed.Newspaper article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s).
PAGE 14How to cite and reference sources using the Harvard (author-date) style:
Sources:
-----------
Reference list items:
1.1 Books
Author, editor, year, title, edition, place of publication, publisher.
Bell, J. (ed) (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press1.2 Electronic Books (e-books)
Author, year of publication of book, title of book, name of e-book collection, online, available at, accessed date.
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Doing your research project. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2010)1.3 Historical books in online collections
Author, year of publication, title of publication, title of online publication, online, available at url, accessed date.
Adam, R. (1764) Ruins of the palace. Eighteenth century collections online [Online]. Available at: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO (Accessed: 2 June 2010)
Henry, W. (1823) The elements of experimental chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.com/books (Accessed: 8 April 2010)1.4 Reprint editions
David, M. (1968) Towards honesty in public relations. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1990.1.5 Translated books
Schweitzer, A, (1911) J.S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. Reprint, New York; Dover Publications, 1996.1.6 Chapters/sections of edited books
Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initials), year of publication, title of chapter/section, in plus author, editor, title of book, place of publication, page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem' in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.1.7 Multi-volume works
Author, year of publication, title of book, volumes, place of publication.
Butcher, R. (1961) A new british flora (2 vols). London: Leonard Hill.1.8 Chapters in multi-volume works
Author of the chapter/section, year of publication, title of chapter/section, in, title of book, place of publication, page numbers of chapter/section.1.9 Reference books
(with author)
Beal, P. (2008) 'Folio', A dictionary of English manuscript technology: 1450 to 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(no author)
Collins beginner's German dictionary (2008) New York: Collins1.10 Online reference books
Rose, M.R. (2007) 'Adaptation' in Levin, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of biodiversity, pp. 17-23 [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/275486965
(Accessed: 5 March 2010).
Example of printed reference work: that is being updated online:
Badash, L. (2004) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 381-389
Work which is being updated online, but not updated in print.
Badash, L. (2008) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography (2004) [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35891 (Accessed: 25 May 2010)1.11 Atlases
The Times atlas of the world (2002) London: Times Books.1.12 Audiobooks
same as 20.4 and 20.51.13 Pamphlets
same as 1.1
Bradley, M. (1994) How to use. London: ASLIB.1.14 Exhibition Catalogues
Author of catalogue, (year)1.15 Anthologies
Editor/compiler of anthology/year of publication/title of book/place of publication
West, C. (compiler and illustrator) (1989)
The beginner's book of bad behaviour.
London: Beaver Books.
Line of poem within anthology
Author of poem, year of publication, title of poem, in plus author/editor/compiler of book
Title of book, place of publication, page reference1.16 Lines with plays
Author, Year of publication, title, edition information, place of publication, act.scene.line.
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, TJB. London: Penguin. 1.2: 177.1.17 Sacred texts
1.17 a.The Bible
Book of the Bible, chapter: verse
Matthew 5: 3-121.17 b.The Torah
eg.
Torah. Shemot 3:141.17 c.The Qur'an
Qur'an 20:261.18 Bibliographies
Ushpol (1958) noted the key research...
Ushpol, R. (1958) Select bibliography of South African autobiographies. Cape Town, School of Librarianship2 Journal articles
2.1 Articles in printed journals
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, Issue information, Page reference.
Dawes, J. And Rowley, J. (1998) 'Enhancing the customer experience: contributions from information technology', Management Decision, 36(5), pp. 350-357.2.2 Journal/newspaper articles in online collections (e-journals/online newspapers)
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, vol, issue, page no, +name of collection (italics), [online], available at url/doi, accessed (date).
t.3 Articles in individual online journals (e-journals)
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue, [online], available at, (accessed: date)2.4 Articles in open access journals (e-journals)
Author, year, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue no, name of open access ,
archive, [online], available at, (accessed: date)3. Newspaper articles
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, edition if required, day and month, page reference.
Old, D. (2008) 'House prices', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p.25 3.1 Printed newspapers
3.2 Articles from individual online newspapers
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, day and month, [online], available at, (accessed: date)
3.3
Journal/newspaper articles from full-text CD-ROM databases
Author, year of pub, title of article, journal/title of newspaper, volume, date (day and month), page references, [CD-ROM], Producer (where possible), available: publisher/distributor4. Conferences
4.1 Full conference proceedings
Author/editor, Year of pub, title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher
Institute for Small Business Affairs (2000) Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs. 4.2 Individual conference papers
Author of paper, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher, page for the paper
Cook, D. (2000) 'Developing franchised business in Scotland', Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp. 127-136.4.3 Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
Author, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, publisher, available at: URL, (Accessed: date)5. Theses
5.1 Unpublished theses
Tregear, A.E.J. (2001) Speciality regional foods in the UK: an investigation from the perspectives of marketing and social history. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.5.2 Theses available on the internet
Winkleman, P. (2001) Beyond science: an exploration of values in engineering education and practice. PhD thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta [Online]. Available at: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/64892.pdf (Accessed: 14 June 2010)6. Personal and virtual learning environments (for example Blackboard, PebblePad, webCT and Wimba)
6.1 Tutor's notes
Author/tutor, year of publication, title of item, name of academic module [Online] Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)
Hollis, K. (2008) 'Week 7: dissertation preparation materials'. Research methods for MA History [Online]. Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2010)6.2 Journal articles
Author, Year of publication, 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.3 Text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
Author, Year of publication of book, 'Extract title', Place of publication: publisher, page numbers of extract, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.4 Messages from course discussion boards
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of message', Title of discussion board, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)7. Digital repositories
7.1 Books in digital repositories
Author, (Year), Title , Place of publication: Publisher, Name of digital repository (ital), [Online], optional document number, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.2 Prepublication journal articles in digital repositories
Author, (Year), 'Title of article', To be published in:, Title of journal, Volume and issue numbers, Publisher, Name of repository (ital), [Preprint], Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.3 Conference papers in digital repositories
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of conference: (subtitle in ital) , Organisation or company (if stated), Location and date of conference, Name of repository (ital), [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8. The internet
8.1 Web pages with individual authors
Author, (Year of publication/last published), Title of internet site (ital) , Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.2 Web pages with organisations as authors
British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 17 June 2011)8.3 Web pages with no authors
Palladio's Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2011)
8.4 Web pages with no authors or titles
http://www.redcross.org.uk (2008) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.5 Web pages with no dates http://www.redcross.org.uk (no date) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.6 Blogs
Author of message, (Year that the site was last published/last updated), 'Title of message' , Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.7 Wikis
'Title of article', (Year that the site was last published/last updated), Title of internet site (ital). Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
'Thomas Telford' (2008) Wikipedia.
Available at: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford (Accessed: 11 May 2010)8.8 Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of page'. Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
Fry, S. (2010) 'Favourites', Twitter, 13 January. Available at: http://twitter.com/stephenfry/favourites (Accessed: 18 January 2010).9. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
Title of publication (ital), (year of publication) [CD-ROM] or [DVD-ROM] Producer, Available: publisher/distributor
World development indicators (2002) [CD-ROM]. The World Bank Group. Available: SilverPlatter.10. Computer programs
Author, Date, Title of program (ital), (Version) [Computer program] Availability – that is distributor, address, order number or url is downloaded from internet
TechSmith Corporation (2008) Camtasia Studio [Version 3] [Computer program] Available at: http://www.techsmith.com/download/trials.asp (Accessed: 21 June 2010)11. Reports
Author or organisation, (Year of publication), Title of report (ital), Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
[Online]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)11.1 Research reports
Bradshaw, J., Middleton, S., Davis, A., Oldfield, N., Smith, N., Cusworth, L and Williams, J. (2008) A minimum income standard for Britain: what people think [Online]. Available at: http://www.irf.org /document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.2 Company annual reports
British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (2007) Annual report [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.3 Market research reports from online databases
Mintel (2008) 'Car insurance UK', Mintel oxygen reports platform [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.4 Financial reports from online databases
Author, year of pub, title of article, journal/title of newspaper, volume, date (day and month), page references, [CD-ROM], Producer (where possible), available: publisher/distributor4. Conferences
4.1 Full conference proceedings
Author/editor, Year of pub, title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher
Institute for Small Business Affairs (2000) Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs. 4.2 Individual conference papers
Author of paper, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher, page for the paper
Cook, D. (2000) 'Developing franchised business in Scotland', Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp. 127-136.4.3 Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
Author, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, publisher, available at: URL, (Accessed: date)5. Theses
5.1 Unpublished theses
Tregear, A.E.J. (2001) Speciality regional foods in the UK: an investigation from the perspectives of marketing and social history. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.5.2 Theses available on the internet
Winkleman, P. (2001) Beyond science: an exploration of values in engineering education and practice. PhD thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta [Online]. Available at: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/64892.pdf (Accessed: 14 June 2010)6. Personal and virtual learning environments (for example Blackboard, PebblePad, webCT and Wimba)
6.1 Tutor's notes
Author/tutor, year of publication, title of item, name of academic module [Online] Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)
Hollis, K. (2008) 'Week 7: dissertation preparation materials'. Research methods for MA History [Online]. Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2010)6.2 Journal articles
Author, Year of publication, 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.3 Text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
Author, Year of publication of book, 'Extract title', Place of publication: publisher, page numbers of extract, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.4 Messages from course discussion boards
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of message', Title of discussion board, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)7. Digital repositories
7.1 Books in digital repositories
Author, (Year), Title , Place of publication: Publisher, Name of digital repository (ital), [Online], optional document number, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.2 Prepublication journal articles in digital repositories
Author, (Year), 'Title of article', To be published in:, Title of journal, Volume and issue numbers, Publisher, Name of repository (ital), [Preprint], Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.3 Conference papers in digital repositories
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of conference: (subtitle in ital) , Organisation or company (if stated), Location and date of conference, Name of repository (ital), [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8. The internet
8.1 Web pages with individual authors
Author, (Year of publication/last published), Title of internet site (ital) , Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.2 Web pages with organisations as authors
British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 17 June 2011)8.3 Web pages with no authors
Palladio's Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2011)
8.4 Web pages with no authors or titles
http://www.redcross.org.uk (2008) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.5 Web pages with no dates http://www.redcross.org.uk (no date) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.6 Blogs
Author of message, (Year that the site was last published/last updated), 'Title of message' , Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.7 Wikis
'Title of article', (Year that the site was last published/last updated), Title of internet site (ital). Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
'Thomas Telford' (2008) Wikipedia.
Available at: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford (Accessed: 11 May 2010)8.8 Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of page'. Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
Fry, S. (2010) 'Favourites', Twitter, 13 January. Available at: http://twitter.com/stephenfry/favourites (Accessed: 18 January 2010).9. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
Title of publication (ital), (year of publication) [CD-ROM] or [DVD-ROM] Producer, Available: publisher/distributor
World development indicators (2002) [CD-ROM]. The World Bank Group. Available: SilverPlatter.10. Computer programs
Author, Date, Title of program (ital), (Version) [Computer program] Availability – that is distributor, address, order number or url is downloaded from internet
TechSmith Corporation (2008) Camtasia Studio [Version 3] [Computer program] Available at: http://www.techsmith.com/download/trials.asp (Accessed: 21 June 2010)11. Reports
Author or organisation, (Year of publication), Title of report (ital), Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
[Online]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)11.1 Research reports
Bradshaw, J., Middleton, S., Davis, A., Oldfield, N., Smith, N., Cusworth, L and Williams, J. (2008) A minimum income standard for Britain: what people think [Online]. Available at: http://www.irf.org /document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.2 Company annual reports
British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (2007) Annual report [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.3 Market research reports from online databases
Mintel (2008) 'Car insurance UK', Mintel oxygen reports platform [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.4 Financial reports from online databases
Publishing
organisation, (year of publication/last updated), 'title of extract',
Database title (ital) [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed:
date)
Bureau van Dijk (2008) 'BT Group plc company report', FAME [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)12. Legal material using the Harvard (author date style)
12.1 House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, (paper number). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers12.2 Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, Bill number (in brackets).12.3 UK statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Short title of Act and year (ital), Regnal year, Name of sovereign, Chapter number
Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. 8, c. 1).
for post-1963 statutes use the short title of an Act, with the year in which it was enacted.
Great Britain, Name of Act: name of sovereign. Chapter number (ital) (Year of publication) Place of publication: publisher
Great Britain. Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22 (1999) London: The Stationery Office.12.4 Statutory Instruments (SIs)
12.5 Law Commission reports and consultation papers
Great Britain. Law Commission (Year of publication) Title of report or consultation paper
Place of publication: publisher, Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number.12.6 Legal cases
Name of parties involved in case Date Volume number13. Government publications
13.1 Command papers including Green and White papers
Great Britain. Name of committee or Royal Commission, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Paper number in brackets]13.2 Departmental publications
Country. Name of government department, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Series in brackets]14. Publications of international organisations
Name of organisation or institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher15. European Union (EU) publications
Name of EU institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher16. Scientific and technical information
16.1 British Standards
16.1 a.British Standards
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard
Place of publication: publisher16.1 b.British Standards from online databases
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard,
Title of database [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.2 Patents
Inventor(s) (Year of publication) Title, Authorising organisation, Patent number [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.3 Scientific datasets
Author, (Date) 'Title of data', Title of data, Title of database Version [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.4 Mathematical equations
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)16.5 Graphs
Author, (Year of publication), Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page number or figure number for graph, graph.17. Reviews
Name of reviewer, (Year of publication of the review), 'Title of the review', Review of... Identification of the work reviewed, Author/director of work being reviewed, Publication details.17.1 Book reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Publication, pp.17.2 Drama reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.17.3 Film reviews
Magazine review format
Internet review format17.4 Reviews of musical performances
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.18. Visual sources
18.1 Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables
Author of book, (Year of pub) Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page ref of Illustration, illus./fig./logo/table18.2 Cartoons
Artist, Date (if available) 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon] Title of publication Day and month18.3 Installations
Artist, (Year) Title of installation [Installation] Location Date seen18.4 Maps
18.4 a.Ordnance Survey maps
Ordnance survey, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher
(Series)18.4 b.Geological Survey maps
Corporate author and publisher, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher (Series)18.4 c.Online maps
Map publisher, (Year of publication) 'Title of map section' Sheet number or tile, scale Title of online source [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.5 Paintings/drawings
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work18.6 Photographs
18.6 a.Prints or slides
Photographer, (Year of publication) Title of photo, [Photograph] Place of publication: publisher (if available)18.6 b.Photographs from the internet
Photographer, (Year of publication), 'Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.6 c.Photographs in online collections (ie. Flickr)
Photographer, (Year of publication), Title of photograph, Title of online collection [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)18.7 Postcards
Artist (Year), Title [Postcard] Place of publication: publisher18.8 Posters
Artist (Year), Title [Poster] Exhibited at, Location and date(s) of exhibition, Dimensions (if relevant and available)18.9 Sculpture
Sculptor (Year), Title [Sculpture] Name of collection19. Live performances
19.1 Concerts
Composer, (Year of performance), Title Performed by...conducted by...[Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.2 Dance
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.3 Plays
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20. Audiovisual material
20.1 Radio
20.1 a.Radio programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.1 b.Radio programmes heard on the internet
Title of programme, (Year of original transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month), Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.2 Television
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 a.Television programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 b.Episodes of a television series
'Title of episode', (Year of transmission), Title of programme, Series and episode numbers, Name of Channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 c.Television programmes/series on DVD/Blu-ray
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Director and writer, Date of original broadcast, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 d.Separate episodes from DVD/Blu-ray box sets
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Title of compilation or box-set, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 e.Television programmes viewed on the internet
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Name of channel, Day of transmission, [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.3 Audio/video downloads
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, Name of download site, [Download] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.4 Music or spoken word recordings on audio Cds/audio CD-ROMs
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [CD] Place of distribution: distribution company20.5 Music or spoken word recordings on audio cassettes
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [Audio cassette] Place of publication: publisher20.6 Liner notes
Artist, (Year), Title of liner notes text, in, Title of recording [CD liner notes] Place of distribution: distribution company20.7 Lyrics from songs
Lyricist, (Year of distribution), Title of song, Place of distribution: distribution company20.8 Musical scores
Composer, (Year of publication) Title of score, Notes, Place of publication: publisher20.9 Films/movies
20.9 a.Films/movies
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [Film] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 b.Films on DVD/Blu-ray
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 c.Directors' commentaries on DVD/Blu-ray
Name of commentator, (Year), 'Director's commentary' Name of film Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 d.Interviews with directors of films
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview' Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of film [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 e.Films on video cassettes
Title of film or programme (Year of distribution) Directed by [Video cassette] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 f.Films on Youtube
Name of person posting video, (Year video posted), Title of film or programme, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.10 Podcasts
Author/presenter, (Year that the video was published/last updated), 'Title of podcast', Title of internet site, [Podcast] Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.11 Phonecasts/programmes transmitted to mobile
'Title of Phonecast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Phonecast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.12 Screencasts/video capturing
'Title of Screencast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Screencast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.13 Vidcasts/vodcasts
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of vidcast', Title of website, [Videocast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
20.14 Microform (microfiche and microfilm)
Author, (Year of publication), Title of microform, [Medium] Place of publication: publisher
21. Interviews
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview', Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of publication or broadcast, Day and month of interview22. Public communications
22.1 Lectures/seminars/webinars/video conferences
Author/speaker, (Year), 'Title of communication', [Medium] Day/month22.2 Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
Author of message, (Year of message), 'Subject of the message', discussion group or bulletin board, Date posted: day/month [Online] Available email: email address22.3 Entire discussion graouphs or bulletin boards
List name, (Year of last update), [Online] Available email: email address (Accessed: date)22.4 Press releases/announcements
Author/organisation, (Year issued), Title of communication, [Press Release] Day/month
or if available online add:
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
22.5 Leaflets
Author individual or corporate, (Date if available), Title, [Leaflet obtained...] Date 22.6 Advertisements
Source (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Date, page, url, accessed.22.7 Display boards (for example in museums)
Bureau van Dijk (2008) 'BT Group plc company report', FAME [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)12. Legal material using the Harvard (author date style)
12.1 House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, (paper number). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers12.2 Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, Bill number (in brackets).12.3 UK statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Short title of Act and year (ital), Regnal year, Name of sovereign, Chapter number
Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. 8, c. 1).
for post-1963 statutes use the short title of an Act, with the year in which it was enacted.
Great Britain, Name of Act: name of sovereign. Chapter number (ital) (Year of publication) Place of publication: publisher
Great Britain. Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22 (1999) London: The Stationery Office.12.4 Statutory Instruments (SIs)
12.5 Law Commission reports and consultation papers
Great Britain. Law Commission (Year of publication) Title of report or consultation paper
Place of publication: publisher, Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number.12.6 Legal cases
Name of parties involved in case Date Volume number13. Government publications
13.1 Command papers including Green and White papers
Great Britain. Name of committee or Royal Commission, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Paper number in brackets]13.2 Departmental publications
Country. Name of government department, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Series in brackets]14. Publications of international organisations
Name of organisation or institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher15. European Union (EU) publications
Name of EU institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher16. Scientific and technical information
16.1 British Standards
16.1 a.British Standards
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard
Place of publication: publisher16.1 b.British Standards from online databases
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard,
Title of database [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.2 Patents
Inventor(s) (Year of publication) Title, Authorising organisation, Patent number [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.3 Scientific datasets
Author, (Date) 'Title of data', Title of data, Title of database Version [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.4 Mathematical equations
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)16.5 Graphs
Author, (Year of publication), Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page number or figure number for graph, graph.17. Reviews
Name of reviewer, (Year of publication of the review), 'Title of the review', Review of... Identification of the work reviewed, Author/director of work being reviewed, Publication details.17.1 Book reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Publication, pp.17.2 Drama reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.17.3 Film reviews
Magazine review format
Internet review format17.4 Reviews of musical performances
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.18. Visual sources
18.1 Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables
Author of book, (Year of pub) Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page ref of Illustration, illus./fig./logo/table18.2 Cartoons
Artist, Date (if available) 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon] Title of publication Day and month18.3 Installations
Artist, (Year) Title of installation [Installation] Location Date seen18.4 Maps
18.4 a.Ordnance Survey maps
Ordnance survey, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher
(Series)18.4 b.Geological Survey maps
Corporate author and publisher, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher (Series)18.4 c.Online maps
Map publisher, (Year of publication) 'Title of map section' Sheet number or tile, scale Title of online source [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.5 Paintings/drawings
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work18.6 Photographs
18.6 a.Prints or slides
Photographer, (Year of publication) Title of photo, [Photograph] Place of publication: publisher (if available)18.6 b.Photographs from the internet
Photographer, (Year of publication), 'Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.6 c.Photographs in online collections (ie. Flickr)
Photographer, (Year of publication), Title of photograph, Title of online collection [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)18.7 Postcards
Artist (Year), Title [Postcard] Place of publication: publisher18.8 Posters
Artist (Year), Title [Poster] Exhibited at, Location and date(s) of exhibition, Dimensions (if relevant and available)18.9 Sculpture
Sculptor (Year), Title [Sculpture] Name of collection19. Live performances
19.1 Concerts
Composer, (Year of performance), Title Performed by...conducted by...[Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.2 Dance
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.3 Plays
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20. Audiovisual material
20.1 Radio
20.1 a.Radio programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.1 b.Radio programmes heard on the internet
Title of programme, (Year of original transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month), Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.2 Television
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 a.Television programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 b.Episodes of a television series
'Title of episode', (Year of transmission), Title of programme, Series and episode numbers, Name of Channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 c.Television programmes/series on DVD/Blu-ray
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Director and writer, Date of original broadcast, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 d.Separate episodes from DVD/Blu-ray box sets
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Title of compilation or box-set, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 e.Television programmes viewed on the internet
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Name of channel, Day of transmission, [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.3 Audio/video downloads
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, Name of download site, [Download] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.4 Music or spoken word recordings on audio Cds/audio CD-ROMs
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [CD] Place of distribution: distribution company20.5 Music or spoken word recordings on audio cassettes
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [Audio cassette] Place of publication: publisher20.6 Liner notes
Artist, (Year), Title of liner notes text, in, Title of recording [CD liner notes] Place of distribution: distribution company20.7 Lyrics from songs
Lyricist, (Year of distribution), Title of song, Place of distribution: distribution company20.8 Musical scores
Composer, (Year of publication) Title of score, Notes, Place of publication: publisher20.9 Films/movies
20.9 a.Films/movies
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [Film] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 b.Films on DVD/Blu-ray
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 c.Directors' commentaries on DVD/Blu-ray
Name of commentator, (Year), 'Director's commentary' Name of film Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 d.Interviews with directors of films
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview' Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of film [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 e.Films on video cassettes
Title of film or programme (Year of distribution) Directed by [Video cassette] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 f.Films on Youtube
Name of person posting video, (Year video posted), Title of film or programme, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.10 Podcasts
Author/presenter, (Year that the video was published/last updated), 'Title of podcast', Title of internet site, [Podcast] Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.11 Phonecasts/programmes transmitted to mobile
'Title of Phonecast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Phonecast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.12 Screencasts/video capturing
'Title of Screencast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Screencast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.13 Vidcasts/vodcasts
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of vidcast', Title of website, [Videocast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
20.14 Microform (microfiche and microfilm)
Author, (Year of publication), Title of microform, [Medium] Place of publication: publisher
21. Interviews
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview', Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of publication or broadcast, Day and month of interview22. Public communications
22.1 Lectures/seminars/webinars/video conferences
Author/speaker, (Year), 'Title of communication', [Medium] Day/month22.2 Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
Author of message, (Year of message), 'Subject of the message', discussion group or bulletin board, Date posted: day/month [Online] Available email: email address22.3 Entire discussion graouphs or bulletin boards
List name, (Year of last update), [Online] Available email: email address (Accessed: date)22.4 Press releases/announcements
Author/organisation, (Year issued), Title of communication, [Press Release] Day/month
or if available online add:
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
22.5 Leaflets
Author individual or corporate, (Date if available), Title, [Leaflet obtained...] Date 22.6 Advertisements
Source (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Date, page, url, accessed.22.7 Display boards (for example in museums)
Title (Year of production) Display board at, Name of venue, city, Date observed
22.8 Minutes of meetings
Author individual or group, (Year of meeting), 'Item being referenced' Title and date of meeting, Organisation, Location of meeting
22.9 RSS feeds
ref details of original source, not the rss feeds
23. Personal communications
Sender/Speaker/author, Medium of communication, Receiver of communication, Day/month of communication
24. Genealogical sources
24.1 Birth, marriage or death certificates
'Name of person' (Year), Certified copy of ...certificate for, Full name of person forenames, surname, Day/month/year of event, Application number from certicate, Location of registration office
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