Top 10 reasons for learning Chinese language:
http://www.childbook.com/Why-Learn-Chinese-s/90.htm#top10learn
1.Economic growth
2.Manufacturing/Technology work
3.Exporting
4.Global Econony
5.Government work
6.Chinese culture
7.Learning another viewpoint
8.Starting early at school for later subjects
9.Importance of language
10.Family and community
Ten reasons for not learning Chinese:
1. Refusal to learn
2.Effect on English usage
3.Easier to speak English
4.Waste of time and too hard!
5.It's not fun like other subjects
6.Learning is too hard
7.No native speaker
8.Conscience of forcing child to learn
9.Don't have time
10.Have no idea where to buy Chinese materials
Tuesday 27 December 2011
Research Process - Discussions with Bill (Jizhou) (27 Dec 2011)
19th Dec - from Bill
I've just read an article on Internet about learning Chinese, hope it can be helpful to you.
Here is the link: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2011-06/16/c_13933993.htm
NO LONGER ACCESSIBLE
From this article, I think the most serious problem foreign learners face are:
1. The tones and characters are too difficult to learn, it's hard not to give up
- AC.Just concentrating on tones, they require sustained practice.
2. They can not find enough native speakers to talk with.
- AC.Meetup events, exposure on internet to spoken mandarin.
And for teachers:
1. not enough materials
- AC.cost of materials, paid for by students.
2. not enough budget to hire Chinese teachers
- AC.Set organisations - private or state-funded.
Another link for leaning Chinese
http://www.words-chinese.com/
Links found by Bill:
1.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4617646.stm
Problems with Learning:
- Tones
- Script
Anne Martin believes that part of the problem is the exam system - which isn't designed for native speakers and is hard for them to gain good grades. So hard for non-native learners to pass. Causes for schools to be reluctant to timetable Chinese is non-native learners cannot get good grades.
"People who want to be ahead in whatever industry need to think about China and learning Chinese."
2.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/specials/1120_aab_28_schools/page5.shtml
Finn's report: (mp3 Audio file)
How many British people learn Chinese?
- More and more studying Chinese, statistics held by CILT National Center for Languages
High school - doubled from 2000 (4028 learning) to 2004 (7580 learning)
Not many compared to European languages.
see http://www.cilt.org.uk/home.aspx
- 1000 study at University
- About 1000 taking evening classes
- Some learning at Primary school
"It will play at important role"
"Fantastic to learn such a vital skill" - especially in Business or Politics
"Need to keep practising"
3.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8776515/The-rise-and-rise-of-Mandarin-but-how-
many-will-end-up-speaking-it.html
"China is now a major world economy"
20 Sep 2011
from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8776515/The-rise-and-rise-of-Mandarin-but-how-many-will-end-up-speaking-it.html
"Indeed, only 1,500 students took Chinese or Mandarin at undergraduate or postgraduate level last year, according to the Higher Education Statistics Agency, making it the least popular major language apart from Japanese." see http://www.hesa.ac.uk/
Chinese is one of the most sought after languages by British businesses.
However it is hard for Chinese to become a world language.
Difficulty of rote-learning thousands of words.
One third of mandarin students are from Japan and South Korea, then US, then Europe, then developing countries.
"foreign countries lack resources to teach Chinese, both in books and teachers"
"The environment is important"
"Chinese students studying overseas to take on more teaching jobs at schools""many foreign students eventually arrive at the shameful conclusion that the Chinese are mastering English far more quickly than vice versa"
Bill - The reason for learning Chinese for UK learners is what I'm interested in.
And how many of them give up because it's too difficult? - Stats?
"interest in Chinese culture is a strong and sustainable desire to learn"
"For a better job is a strong desire, but if not so interested in Chinese culture"
If Mandarin means better jobs in the future then this will be the motivation.
In China, friends like to learn Japanese and Korean because they like animations and comics of Japan and Korea at first. "culture-based learning"
The key to any course is the objective for learning - is it for Work, Holiday, Study or Cultural interest?
More detail on business work potential in China - student motivations?
For English , it's hard to say someone learn that because thay like English culture or American culture. It is a have to do thing.
"culture-based study should be encouraged."
The 3 problems:
1. too difficult to learn - made easier, or more graded?
2. not enough materials - funding of materials, online materials?
3. not enough native speakers to talk with - more connections with native speakers.
I've just read an article on Internet about learning Chinese, hope it can be helpful to you.
Here is the link: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/culture/2011-06/16/c_13933993.htm
NO LONGER ACCESSIBLE
From this article, I think the most serious problem foreign learners face are:
1. The tones and characters are too difficult to learn, it's hard not to give up
- AC.Just concentrating on tones, they require sustained practice.
2. They can not find enough native speakers to talk with.
- AC.Meetup events, exposure on internet to spoken mandarin.
And for teachers:
1. not enough materials
- AC.cost of materials, paid for by students.
2. not enough budget to hire Chinese teachers
- AC.Set organisations - private or state-funded.
Another link for leaning Chinese
http://www.words-chinese.com/
Links found by Bill:
1.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4617646.stm
Problems with Learning:
- Tones
- Script
Anne Martin believes that part of the problem is the exam system - which isn't designed for native speakers and is hard for them to gain good grades. So hard for non-native learners to pass. Causes for schools to be reluctant to timetable Chinese is non-native learners cannot get good grades.
"People who want to be ahead in whatever industry need to think about China and learning Chinese."
2.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/china/learningenglish/specials/1120_aab_28_schools/page5.shtml
Finn's report: (mp3 Audio file)
How many British people learn Chinese?
- More and more studying Chinese, statistics held by CILT National Center for Languages
High school - doubled from 2000 (4028 learning) to 2004 (7580 learning)
Not many compared to European languages.
see http://www.cilt.org.uk/home.aspx
- 1000 study at University
- About 1000 taking evening classes
- Some learning at Primary school
"It will play at important role"
"Fantastic to learn such a vital skill" - especially in Business or Politics
"Need to keep practising"
3.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8776515/The-rise-and-rise-of-Mandarin-but-how-
many-will-end-up-speaking-it.html
"China is now a major world economy"
20 Sep 2011
from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8776515/The-rise-and-rise-of-Mandarin-but-how-many-will-end-up-speaking-it.html
"Indeed, only 1,500 students took Chinese or Mandarin at undergraduate or postgraduate level last year, according to the Higher Education Statistics Agency, making it the least popular major language apart from Japanese." see http://www.hesa.ac.uk/
Chinese is one of the most sought after languages by British businesses.
However it is hard for Chinese to become a world language.
Difficulty of rote-learning thousands of words.
One third of mandarin students are from Japan and South Korea, then US, then Europe, then developing countries.
"foreign countries lack resources to teach Chinese, both in books and teachers"
"The environment is important"
"Chinese students studying overseas to take on more teaching jobs at schools""many foreign students eventually arrive at the shameful conclusion that the Chinese are mastering English far more quickly than vice versa"
Bill - The reason for learning Chinese for UK learners is what I'm interested in.
And how many of them give up because it's too difficult? - Stats?
"interest in Chinese culture is a strong and sustainable desire to learn"
"For a better job is a strong desire, but if not so interested in Chinese culture"
If Mandarin means better jobs in the future then this will be the motivation.
In China, friends like to learn Japanese and Korean because they like animations and comics of Japan and Korea at first. "culture-based learning"
The key to any course is the objective for learning - is it for Work, Holiday, Study or Cultural interest?
More detail on business work potential in China - student motivations?
For English , it's hard to say someone learn that because thay like English culture or American culture. It is a have to do thing.
"culture-based study should be encouraged."
The 3 problems:
1. too difficult to learn - made easier, or more graded?
2. not enough materials - funding of materials, online materials?
3. not enough native speakers to talk with - more connections with native speakers.
Tuesday 20 December 2011
Research Process - Visit to Central St Martins Library, KX (20 Dec 2011)
This afternoon I visited Central St Martins College Library at King's Cross.
Apparently I could not just turn up, and actually needed to book two days in advance for a visit through this email address: library.visits@csm.arts.ac.uk.
Related searches on Sconul:
Apparently I could not just turn up, and actually needed to book two days in advance for a visit through this email address: library.visits@csm.arts.ac.uk.
Related searches on Sconul:
School of Oriental and African Studies
| Web site: | http://www.soas.ac.uk/ | |
|---|---|---|
| Library Web site: | http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/ | |
| Library Catalogue: | http://lib.soas.ac.uk/ |
Library contact:
| Name: | Yvette Dickerson | |
|---|---|---|
| Post Held: | Reader Services Manager | |
| Email address: | yd1@soas.ac.uk | |
| Telephone number: | +44 020 7898 4796 | |
| Post Code: | WC1H 0XG |
Sunday 18 December 2011
Research Process - Interview with I Ju, Mandarin Teacher from Taiwan (18 Dec 2011)
Eileen at Ravensbourne sent me I Ju's contact details and I pre-sent a questionnaire with questions for I Ju to meet the following weekend. I sent 30 pre-written questions to be considered in preparation for the interview.
Questions and Answers:
Questions and Answers:
Research Interview
with I Ju – a Mandarin teacher from Taiwan -
Raynes Park, London, Sunday 18 December 2011
Questions prepared by Andrew Craddock, MA Interactive Digital Media student,
Ravensbourne College, London, 10 December 2011
Introduction:
This research is about developing Interactive Learning Tools for Mandarin and finding more creative and memorable ways to learn characters, words, and sentences.
You do not have to answer all questions, however if you can answer as many as possible this would be appreciated.
TEACHING METHODS
Q1: Do you teach people to write, or speak, or both?
[ ] Write Simplified Chinese and/or Traditional system
[ ] Speak Taiwanese, or Mandarin Chinese, or both
[Y] Both writing and teaching for all above –
IJ. Depends on their needs. All of above.
Q2: Who are your students? Are they from:
[Y] UK
[Y] Hong Kong
[N] Taiwan
[N] Mainland China
[Y] Malaysia
[Y] Other
IJ. Korea, Singapore, Brazil, Australia, South Africa.
50% are in work, 50% in high school.
Q3: What age group(s) do your teach?
[A] High school 12-18 yrs, Parents and children aged 4-6, Work employees 25-40, Students in Adult education aged 40-60.
With Adult education most have a partner from China/Taiwan, the aim is for their partners to improve because they are in the host country therefore they use English.
Q4: What books/software do you teach with?
[A] Many different books – depends on the group.
Adults – ‘Chinese express’ – a UK publisher
High School/GCSE students - ‘Kuaile Hanyu’ – from Beijing university
Kids – ‘Chinese made easy’
Q5: Do you have a teaching qualification/or have native language skill?
[A] HSK teaching certificate, Taiwan Dip TSCOL, Dip DTLLS, IELTS, MA, taking PHD.
Have native language skill, but regional teaching skill not needed in teaching role.
LEARNING METHODS
Q6: Do you know how many words or characters your students learn every week?
[A] 2 hours of teaching for a student each week. Depends on level and needs.
Adults usually learn about 20 characters a week, sometimes for more intensive sessions 30-40 characters a week.
For the HSK test, students are learning about 100 characters a week. For business mandarin around the same or higher if they have been learning for 1 to 2 years.
Q7: When students are learning to speak Chinese what do they find hardest to understand?
[A] For speaking, pronounciation of the tones is especially difficult for English speakers.
The 1st tone should be high and long. Ie. Yi should be pronounced high and long, not at the same pitch as normal English or it will not be understood.
Sometimes students confuse the 2nd and 3rd tone, making the 3rd sound like the 2nd. Kids pronounciation can be better, and they are less likely to be confused between tones or pitch!
Q8: When students are learning to write Chinese what do they find hardest to remember?
[A] Stroke order, up-down, left-right, inside-outside, good form and balance is important. Keep beauty and order. Remember that ‘the character is the culture’ – if it is not correct it is like painting not writing. Starting from the correct place to proceed on the journey through the character form.
Q9: Do your students know how to use the Input method editor (IME) on a Windows or Mac PC?
[A] Work students know the IME, but not high school students –who are more interested in familiarity and writing games on paper.
Q10: I understand that Bopomofo system is taught in schools in Taiwan. Do you think there are advantages to children learning Bopomofo first, then learning the characters later?
[A] Bopomofo is the general term. Zhuyin is the more specific term. Age 6-7 have both writing and speaking ability. They can express speaking more quickly as they can read more quickly (though zhuyin writings). In Taiwan they learn the English alphabet from 10, then use Zhuyin. AC. I asked if Zhuyin might be useful for non-Taiwanese and she did not think it had any usefulness for countries outside of Taiwan.
Q11: Can you list out some of the ways that students can memorise characters?
[A] Stories, articles, sounds like, painting, root thinking.
Q12: Do students have ways to remember word combinations and sentences? Or is it best for them to try to remember the components and then put them together?
[A] I placed emphasis on word combinations. By looking at the 1st character as the key, the family of words can be recited. Word family is known as ‘zi gen’ which means word root.
Q13: Essentially I think that language is about establishing relations between sounds, ideas, meaning, writing and symbols and then communicating these so that the listener or reader can understand the communicator. How do your students know that a certain character matches a certain sound that matches a certain word? Do you have different ways to teach these associations?
[A] Pinyin, then pinyin with hanzi, then only hanzi.
COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND INTERACTIVE LEARNING
Q14: For your teaching do you use traditional methods (ie,Book, board, rote learning) or interactive methods (touchscreen, tablet, computer, internet), or both?
[ ] Traditional teaching
[ ] Interactive teaching
[Y] Both
There are computers at the teaching setting:
– High School/College – Powerpoint/Video.
- Work – Powerpoint/Video
- no touchscreen interfaces used in teaching.
Q15: In some ways do you prefer for students to continue to learn from books? Why?
[A] More academically recognised, due to age they cannot, might not or prefer not to use computer.
The interview talked about style of imagery used in books, mentioned that some images appear to be borrowed, conventional, can be cliché and need to be made more real or more classic. AC.What is the intended perception of learning from books – the mythology, ancient, romantic or actual history and fantasized utopia or modern reality?
Q16: As children we interact with toys and games to learn about concepts.
Do you think someone can remember more from traditional learning or interactive learning?
[A] I use games and activities, and roleplay to support learning from books. I give them real money so that they can be the seller and buyer.
Q17: Do you use any interactive games in your sessions for teaching areas such as vocabulary?
[A] Yes, we look at colour – however it depends, we use flashcards, and pens and try to be creative.
In high school I teach peking opera and show them masks.
We look at favourite colours so that we can personalise learning, and make it special to each learner.
Q18: At the Westfield Stratford there is an interactive kiosk by Rosetta Stone, for teaching people to speak Mandarin. Do you think that Rosetta Stone products complements or competes with what you do?
[A] They complement. It is a product for distance learning.
Q19: Have you explored teaching through visual or written storytelling, modern or ancient poetry?
[A] We have looked at stories, using zodiac animals, spring festival, dragon festival, looked at a bit of poetry, looked at autumn festival and mooncakes, exploring each festival and it’s associated food connections.
Q20: Visual imagery can be very useful way to communicate character and word associations. Do you use visual methods such as flashcards, or pictures, or videos for teaching?
[A] Yes.
Q21: Have you heard of websites and phone applications such as Google Translate, Nciku, Skritter and Pleco? If you have not heard of any of these just say.
[A] Yes to all except Pleco. Opinions?…don’t need online dictionaries. Use Cihai dictionary which means ‘word ocean’.
PRONOUNCIATION
Q22: When talking about students pronounciation. Do your students record their voice, to playback and compare with a native speech?
[A] Record on mobile device. Can send mp3s from mobile from sender. Practise of pronounciation is best. I encourage students to speak for about 3 mins with a provided topic or open topic of their own choosing.
Q23: What are the first things that you teach a student? Ie.Tones, pronounciation, character strokes, etc.
[A] Technique: (1) Tones (2) Pronounciation (3) Words (4) Sentences (5) A Few characters.
Q24: As well as the speech by respected and qualified teachers, in your opinion who are the most highly regarded speakers of the language? For example are they broadcasters, news presenters, government officers, actors, singers, etc?
Can you name any good current role models who represent the language well?
[A] News presenters. AC.We talked about people of different professions who have particular reasons for speaking in a particular way and also regional dialects though these apparently are not required in teaching of mandarin.
Q25: Why are your students learning Chinese? Can you list some of their reasons for learning?
[A] There are two main groups:
1) Business Group – In future they would like to work in China.
2) Personal Group with two sub-branches
a) Interested in culture/something new.
b) Background interest – they may be half-chinese, from China, looking to re-integrate, move back (this is about 50% of her students.)
c) Influence of partner – one example would be to return to retire.
Q26: Do your students have the opportunity to practice with native speakers, in addition to your teaching?
[A] Most don’t have the opportunity to practice with a native Chinese speaker, even if parent is Chinese! Their environment is mostly English. AC.We talked about exposure through living in a certain area though it was thought that this is irrelevant, it is though work and social connections that practice is enabled not geographical location in London/SE England. It is certainly more relevant that through related social meetups and China-related vocational work their practise is more possible.
Q27: Are you aware of spoken and written skill level differences between learners of Mandarin, between Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan, especially at high school level?
[A] No answer. AC. See also Question 10 answers for feedback on Taiwanese learning skill at certain ages. The question was too broad for comparison to accurately answer for other regions, based on experience, and also it was seen that any differences are not necessarily noticeable.
GENERAL
Q28: Do you think that people will need to learn Mandarin for business in the future, or is English sufficient in some ways?
[A] This question had been asked before. English can be spoken to some extent in major cities.
The answer is that it depends on where they want to work.
Example:
Someone who works in Shanghai for a global company. Say they have been learning Mandarin for 2 years, though they can get by conversationally, they will not find it easy to involve business objectives. They will find that they cannot read business contracts or read specific technical words without specific work-related study.
Q29: Do you try to immerse your students as much as possible in the culture (such as music and art) in your lessons, or keep as much as possible to the core language learning?
[A] About 20% culture, 80% language.
Q30: Are there any questions that you have, or anything that you would like to add?
[A] You should look further at ‘Teaching’ as well as ‘Learning’.
There are two kinds of teacher and differences in teaching between Taiwan and Mainland China.
If people want to work in Taipei, English can be sufficient.
Example 1:
Materials
TW – Can teach with additional materials.
CN – The teachers mostly focus on the book. Think that additional materials are not needed.
Example 2:
Information
TW – Teachers can find more information available, and other viewpoints can be found.
CN – There is less info for teachers, and usually one viewpoint.
Example 3:
Lesson style in English
TW – When the teacher learnt English in Taiwan, then lessons were in English only. This was the base language for lessons.
UK – When teaching Mandarin in the UK, the lesson structure is entirely in English.
Example 4:
Lesson style in Mandarin
Used to teaching Mandarin Chinese as a base language in Taiwan for students from South Korea, Japan, and other nearby regions.
AC.Close of Interview.
THANK YOU
谢谢
Xièxiè
Raynes Park, London, Sunday 18 December 2011
Questions prepared by Andrew Craddock, MA Interactive Digital Media student,
Ravensbourne College, London, 10 December 2011
Introduction:
This research is about developing Interactive Learning Tools for Mandarin and finding more creative and memorable ways to learn characters, words, and sentences.
You do not have to answer all questions, however if you can answer as many as possible this would be appreciated.
TEACHING METHODS
Q1: Do you teach people to write, or speak, or both?
[ ] Write Simplified Chinese and/or Traditional system
[ ] Speak Taiwanese, or Mandarin Chinese, or both
[Y] Both writing and teaching for all above –
IJ. Depends on their needs. All of above.
Q2: Who are your students? Are they from:
[Y] UK
[Y] Hong Kong
[N] Taiwan
[N] Mainland China
[Y] Malaysia
[Y] Other
IJ. Korea, Singapore, Brazil, Australia, South Africa.
50% are in work, 50% in high school.
Q3: What age group(s) do your teach?
[A] High school 12-18 yrs, Parents and children aged 4-6, Work employees 25-40, Students in Adult education aged 40-60.
With Adult education most have a partner from China/Taiwan, the aim is for their partners to improve because they are in the host country therefore they use English.
Q4: What books/software do you teach with?
[A] Many different books – depends on the group.
Adults – ‘Chinese express’ – a UK publisher
High School/GCSE students - ‘Kuaile Hanyu’ – from Beijing university
Kids – ‘Chinese made easy’
Q5: Do you have a teaching qualification/or have native language skill?
[A] HSK teaching certificate, Taiwan Dip TSCOL, Dip DTLLS, IELTS, MA, taking PHD.
Have native language skill, but regional teaching skill not needed in teaching role.
LEARNING METHODS
Q6: Do you know how many words or characters your students learn every week?
[A] 2 hours of teaching for a student each week. Depends on level and needs.
Adults usually learn about 20 characters a week, sometimes for more intensive sessions 30-40 characters a week.
For the HSK test, students are learning about 100 characters a week. For business mandarin around the same or higher if they have been learning for 1 to 2 years.
Q7: When students are learning to speak Chinese what do they find hardest to understand?
[A] For speaking, pronounciation of the tones is especially difficult for English speakers.
The 1st tone should be high and long. Ie. Yi should be pronounced high and long, not at the same pitch as normal English or it will not be understood.
Sometimes students confuse the 2nd and 3rd tone, making the 3rd sound like the 2nd. Kids pronounciation can be better, and they are less likely to be confused between tones or pitch!
Q8: When students are learning to write Chinese what do they find hardest to remember?
[A] Stroke order, up-down, left-right, inside-outside, good form and balance is important. Keep beauty and order. Remember that ‘the character is the culture’ – if it is not correct it is like painting not writing. Starting from the correct place to proceed on the journey through the character form.
Q9: Do your students know how to use the Input method editor (IME) on a Windows or Mac PC?
[A] Work students know the IME, but not high school students –who are more interested in familiarity and writing games on paper.
Q10: I understand that Bopomofo system is taught in schools in Taiwan. Do you think there are advantages to children learning Bopomofo first, then learning the characters later?
[A] Bopomofo is the general term. Zhuyin is the more specific term. Age 6-7 have both writing and speaking ability. They can express speaking more quickly as they can read more quickly (though zhuyin writings). In Taiwan they learn the English alphabet from 10, then use Zhuyin. AC. I asked if Zhuyin might be useful for non-Taiwanese and she did not think it had any usefulness for countries outside of Taiwan.
Q11: Can you list out some of the ways that students can memorise characters?
[A] Stories, articles, sounds like, painting, root thinking.
Q12: Do students have ways to remember word combinations and sentences? Or is it best for them to try to remember the components and then put them together?
[A] I placed emphasis on word combinations. By looking at the 1st character as the key, the family of words can be recited. Word family is known as ‘zi gen’ which means word root.
Q13: Essentially I think that language is about establishing relations between sounds, ideas, meaning, writing and symbols and then communicating these so that the listener or reader can understand the communicator. How do your students know that a certain character matches a certain sound that matches a certain word? Do you have different ways to teach these associations?
[A] Pinyin, then pinyin with hanzi, then only hanzi.
COMPARING TRADITIONAL AND INTERACTIVE LEARNING
Q14: For your teaching do you use traditional methods (ie,Book, board, rote learning) or interactive methods (touchscreen, tablet, computer, internet), or both?
[ ] Traditional teaching
[ ] Interactive teaching
[Y] Both
There are computers at the teaching setting:
– High School/College – Powerpoint/Video.
- Work – Powerpoint/Video
- no touchscreen interfaces used in teaching.
Q15: In some ways do you prefer for students to continue to learn from books? Why?
[A] More academically recognised, due to age they cannot, might not or prefer not to use computer.
The interview talked about style of imagery used in books, mentioned that some images appear to be borrowed, conventional, can be cliché and need to be made more real or more classic. AC.What is the intended perception of learning from books – the mythology, ancient, romantic or actual history and fantasized utopia or modern reality?
Q16: As children we interact with toys and games to learn about concepts.
Do you think someone can remember more from traditional learning or interactive learning?
[A] I use games and activities, and roleplay to support learning from books. I give them real money so that they can be the seller and buyer.
Q17: Do you use any interactive games in your sessions for teaching areas such as vocabulary?
[A] Yes, we look at colour – however it depends, we use flashcards, and pens and try to be creative.
In high school I teach peking opera and show them masks.
We look at favourite colours so that we can personalise learning, and make it special to each learner.
Q18: At the Westfield Stratford there is an interactive kiosk by Rosetta Stone, for teaching people to speak Mandarin. Do you think that Rosetta Stone products complements or competes with what you do?
[A] They complement. It is a product for distance learning.
Q19: Have you explored teaching through visual or written storytelling, modern or ancient poetry?
[A] We have looked at stories, using zodiac animals, spring festival, dragon festival, looked at a bit of poetry, looked at autumn festival and mooncakes, exploring each festival and it’s associated food connections.
Q20: Visual imagery can be very useful way to communicate character and word associations. Do you use visual methods such as flashcards, or pictures, or videos for teaching?
[A] Yes.
Q21: Have you heard of websites and phone applications such as Google Translate, Nciku, Skritter and Pleco? If you have not heard of any of these just say.
[A] Yes to all except Pleco. Opinions?…don’t need online dictionaries. Use Cihai dictionary which means ‘word ocean’.
PRONOUNCIATION
Q22: When talking about students pronounciation. Do your students record their voice, to playback and compare with a native speech?
[A] Record on mobile device. Can send mp3s from mobile from sender. Practise of pronounciation is best. I encourage students to speak for about 3 mins with a provided topic or open topic of their own choosing.
Q23: What are the first things that you teach a student? Ie.Tones, pronounciation, character strokes, etc.
[A] Technique: (1) Tones (2) Pronounciation (3) Words (4) Sentences (5) A Few characters.
Q24: As well as the speech by respected and qualified teachers, in your opinion who are the most highly regarded speakers of the language? For example are they broadcasters, news presenters, government officers, actors, singers, etc?
Can you name any good current role models who represent the language well?
[A] News presenters. AC.We talked about people of different professions who have particular reasons for speaking in a particular way and also regional dialects though these apparently are not required in teaching of mandarin.
Q25: Why are your students learning Chinese? Can you list some of their reasons for learning?
[A] There are two main groups:
1) Business Group – In future they would like to work in China.
2) Personal Group with two sub-branches
a) Interested in culture/something new.
b) Background interest – they may be half-chinese, from China, looking to re-integrate, move back (this is about 50% of her students.)
c) Influence of partner – one example would be to return to retire.
Q26: Do your students have the opportunity to practice with native speakers, in addition to your teaching?
[A] Most don’t have the opportunity to practice with a native Chinese speaker, even if parent is Chinese! Their environment is mostly English. AC.We talked about exposure through living in a certain area though it was thought that this is irrelevant, it is though work and social connections that practice is enabled not geographical location in London/SE England. It is certainly more relevant that through related social meetups and China-related vocational work their practise is more possible.
Q27: Are you aware of spoken and written skill level differences between learners of Mandarin, between Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan, especially at high school level?
[A] No answer. AC. See also Question 10 answers for feedback on Taiwanese learning skill at certain ages. The question was too broad for comparison to accurately answer for other regions, based on experience, and also it was seen that any differences are not necessarily noticeable.
GENERAL
Q28: Do you think that people will need to learn Mandarin for business in the future, or is English sufficient in some ways?
[A] This question had been asked before. English can be spoken to some extent in major cities.
The answer is that it depends on where they want to work.
Example:
Someone who works in Shanghai for a global company. Say they have been learning Mandarin for 2 years, though they can get by conversationally, they will not find it easy to involve business objectives. They will find that they cannot read business contracts or read specific technical words without specific work-related study.
Q29: Do you try to immerse your students as much as possible in the culture (such as music and art) in your lessons, or keep as much as possible to the core language learning?
[A] About 20% culture, 80% language.
Q30: Are there any questions that you have, or anything that you would like to add?
[A] You should look further at ‘Teaching’ as well as ‘Learning’.
There are two kinds of teacher and differences in teaching between Taiwan and Mainland China.
If people want to work in Taipei, English can be sufficient.
Example 1:
Materials
TW – Can teach with additional materials.
CN – The teachers mostly focus on the book. Think that additional materials are not needed.
Example 2:
Information
TW – Teachers can find more information available, and other viewpoints can be found.
CN – There is less info for teachers, and usually one viewpoint.
Example 3:
Lesson style in English
TW – When the teacher learnt English in Taiwan, then lessons were in English only. This was the base language for lessons.
UK – When teaching Mandarin in the UK, the lesson structure is entirely in English.
Example 4:
Lesson style in Mandarin
Used to teaching Mandarin Chinese as a base language in Taiwan for students from South Korea, Japan, and other nearby regions.
AC.Close of Interview.
THANK YOU
谢谢
Xièxiè
Saturday 17 December 2011
Research Process - Anaglyph 3D exploration (17 Dec 2011)
From this site http://www.stereoeye.jp/software/index_e.html
I experimented with 3D stereoscopic analyghs with English letterforms and Chinese characters set in 3D perspective.
I experimented with 3D stereoscopic analyghs with English letterforms and Chinese characters set in 3D perspective.
Wednesday 14 December 2011
Research Process - Learning English in Chinese (14 Dec 2011)
Notes from http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_XMzI3NjI1MjA0.html
教育频道 > 教育列表 > 语言学习Education channel> list of Education>Language Learning
视频: DVD考试单词全记牢1
Video: DVD all remember the simplicity of a test word
Vocabulary being learnt:
1. am
2. able
separated by looking at a = yige, then ble, metaphor of pushing a stone.
3. about
separated by looking at abo, then ut
given example of a person pointing at a boat = about
4. above
ab = abo
ove = love
metaphor of a person standing on a chair with love symbols in their eyes.
5.abroad
showing a person walking past a temple
ab = person
road
6.accept
ac = 'ac'milan footballer
ce = toilet like cesuo
pt =putao, eating grapes
footballer eating grapes in front of a toilet!
7.ache
showing person hit by a car!
8.active
act
iv = like 4
e = duck
people watching 4 ducks then clapping
9.actor
act
or
10.actress
act
re =
ss = liange meiyu
11.admit
chengren
ad
mit
person pouring ad in a classroom
12.advise
a
dv
i
se
13.afternoon
after -
noon - zhongwu
14.again
a
gai
n - like men, door
person adding wood to a door again
15.ahead
last stopeed at 06.00 secs, out of 185.44.
教育频道 > 教育列表 > 语言学习Education channel> list of Education>Language Learning
视频: DVD考试单词全记牢1
Video: DVD all remember the simplicity of a test word
Vocabulary being learnt:
1. am
2. able
separated by looking at a = yige, then ble, metaphor of pushing a stone.
3. about
separated by looking at abo, then ut
given example of a person pointing at a boat = about
4. above
ab = abo
ove = love
metaphor of a person standing on a chair with love symbols in their eyes.
5.abroad
showing a person walking past a temple
ab = person
road
6.accept
ac = 'ac'milan footballer
ce = toilet like cesuo
pt =putao, eating grapes
footballer eating grapes in front of a toilet!
7.ache
showing person hit by a car!
8.active
act
iv = like 4
e = duck
people watching 4 ducks then clapping
9.actor
act
or
10.actress
act
re =
ss = liange meiyu
11.admit
chengren
ad
mit
person pouring ad in a classroom
12.advise
a
dv
i
se
13.afternoon
after -
noon - zhongwu
14.again
a
gai
n - like men, door
person adding wood to a door again
15.ahead
last stopeed at 06.00 secs, out of 185.44.
Friday 9 December 2011
Research Process - Rosetta Stone (09 Dec 2011)
ROSETTA STONE INTERFACE - Drawn from seeing the Interactive at Stratford Westfield.
Explanation of each screen:
1.BASIC VOCABULARY
The learner is given a pinyin and character sentence. For the answer they can select the pinyin and the matching image. If they do not get the correct match they can select another picture until they find the correct answer.
2.MATCHING CHARACTER
The learner can click on the pinyin and hear the sound, and then see the matching character. They can then click next to go onto the next item.
3.ALPHABET/PHONETIC INDEX
The learner can see the matching characters for a single sound such as bao. This shows them that one sound can have several matching characters, and to take care when expressing the meaning. This is a reference screen and can provide a way of identifying characters.
4.SPEECH WITH SENTENCE
A sentence is spoken with intentional blanks in the sentence. The learner is given several alternatives, usually two displayed vertically and they can choose one to fill in the blanks. They will be given feedback if the chosen blank is grammatically incorrect.
5.SPEAKING AND RECORDING
The learner can listen to a sentence, repeat with their own speech and then see if they have pronounced items correctly.
6.GRAMMAR REVISION
Once they have finished recording they will be presented with a screen to show them which sounds were correctly or incorrectly prounounced. This pronouciation accuracy can be calibrated from easy to difficult within the settings.
Explanation of each screen:
1.BASIC VOCABULARY
The learner is given a pinyin and character sentence. For the answer they can select the pinyin and the matching image. If they do not get the correct match they can select another picture until they find the correct answer.
2.MATCHING CHARACTER
The learner can click on the pinyin and hear the sound, and then see the matching character. They can then click next to go onto the next item.
3.ALPHABET/PHONETIC INDEX
The learner can see the matching characters for a single sound such as bao. This shows them that one sound can have several matching characters, and to take care when expressing the meaning. This is a reference screen and can provide a way of identifying characters.
4.SPEECH WITH SENTENCE
A sentence is spoken with intentional blanks in the sentence. The learner is given several alternatives, usually two displayed vertically and they can choose one to fill in the blanks. They will be given feedback if the chosen blank is grammatically incorrect.
5.SPEAKING AND RECORDING
The learner can listen to a sentence, repeat with their own speech and then see if they have pronounced items correctly.
6.GRAMMAR REVISION
Once they have finished recording they will be presented with a screen to show them which sounds were correctly or incorrectly prounounced. This pronouciation accuracy can be calibrated from easy to difficult within the settings.
Tuesday 6 December 2011
Research Process - PG01-12 (06 Dec 2011)
Looking at PG05 for examples of CARD
CARD1: THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE
Vision and Imagination
Plan > Jan > Sep / Iteration
Final Project > Designed/Created Prototype (50%)
C.A.R.D (50%)
- articulate the process/where does the thinking come from?
class sizes
18/33 > 53 > 75
2010 > 2011 > 2012
- problem of the lack of being able to touch things
- July 2012 - summer exhibition of ongoing work, organisation of the team (53)
work in progress / not the final work > Sep/Oct
Some people go back in August / Sep - efforts going into the next year
move work around Olympics
calendar / consider implications
PM > MA > Year Calendar
[ ] Prototype + [ ] Final Piece + [ ] C.A.R.D
- Concrete example / Tangible version / can be used to demonstrate to others
- What is an 'art' space
- She wanted something people can walk into
- What object a CARD might look like?
- See out of the box / Push boundaries
- Used the structure of a journal, I'm walking a space...etc.
'A journey' / Endless questions
- Big sculpture / Also a testbed / test device - still imagery/film/sculpture
what is the student trying to find out?
Tone of voice - 1 to 1 conversation, Talking to lots of people
How does work have value?
Things getting changed in the process.
Pictures are there as a key way to show an idea
Quality of thinking / Do not want CARDs over 1500 words
- Everything is being critiqued and challenged.
- Literature review and 'annotated bibliography' - raises questions
- Summarisation/Evaluation of a book
3-4 lines of text about key books / What is this?
- why am I writing this?
- who am I writing this for? / think about the reader
- does the presentation support the meaning?
- tone of voice / could be like a conversation
- quiet or loud voice
- need agreement from sources that work can go into the public domain
final artifact
prototype - cd/model/sculpture/exhibition space/book/tool/robot/large model/poster/furniture/computer/website/integrated model/film/pack of objects
business unit
- understand how to protect ideas in business environment
rework text - grammatical structures
8 PT students - integrating research with practice
keeping connectivity, with other PT students
shifted from practice to theory
- create a social network / keep in touch with tutors inc Britta (FT with RAVE) Jeremy and Liz
PHD - risk break with friends / 5 years / can be unsociable
CARD2: IRISH ECONOMY - Hugo
- Economic problems in Ireland, pushes diaspora worldwide
Film industry in Ireland relies on EU grants
- Animation can be more critical than live motion
Question and subtext
- Look at other MA students CARD questions
Think about the pre as well as the postdigital world
Czech film director - Jan Shankmayer
Their views can put them in prison
Estonia - images censored locally, then censored in Leningrad
Stories and images can be manipulated within an authoritarian state
- Talk about debate, power structures, how events come to be made
'Emotive Strategy' / Screenshots of YouTube
He created a quasi computer game > Cul de sac
- Began to lose motivation in character animation
Ritchie - It's too easy! It's not good enough.
'Concept Strategy' - regrounded by two main influential animators
- Looking into projecting images on buildings
- Rethink about imagery and selection for CARD
- images to illustrate a point
'Cranes'- very graphic sense of hope and fear, also indicator of a growing economy, number of cranes within a country
- Why were certain buildings created?
- Keep in mind the target audience. - ie. Irish cultural diaspora
- Self-criticism and honesty in conclusion - pushed up the grade!
- Reflection on MA course, and how it liberated them through non-commercial work
- Research Process - says what PG05 will be like.
Don't just talk about research aspirationally but also live the research (grounded in the present)
Group interactions - Bill (enabling creative innovation) / IDM group / PT group inc other pathways / FT group inc other pathways
Sarah - Library manager
Can borrow from other universities / Need to contact universities through SCONUL card, re-registered at the library
CARD 3 - TOTAL IMMERSION THEORY
Immersive experience
examples:
- Cinema
- Flotation Tank
- Theme Park Rides
- Debate - experience of music festivals
- Went to California - to work with burning man festival
- Communicated everyday thoughts in a blog
- Keen on installations
'Taste' - personal taste, part of critical apparatus or prejudice
- 'Confessional' - saying things which in other contexts may embarrass
- Explore your own models and be true to your art
- Degree of commitment to the course
- Knew the sites
- Subject review - list of sources
- Terribly concerned about writing in an academic way
- long words, obscure words, distant view/second person
- short words, clear words, close view/first person
Describing experience/ Test film > Immersiveness/Dark spaces
70s film - Parallax View
Liniere from RAVE - Business Unit - find something of 'commercial value' in our ideas - that I can use to build my own business plan - 16 pathways (more like 53 pathways)
CARD 4 - A BOND OF UNDERSTANDING
'Thai+Latin based type design'
- Very quiet and purposeful
Visually led-narrative with text
Tone of voice is different - 'meditation'
Final piece of work - Designed Typeface
Appropriateness of form to the argument
Tone of Voice/Size of Room:
------------------------------
Systematic
Angry
Meditative
Ones who are practical can find theory difficult
Daily blog / Continuing collaboration with Bill over xmas
- Capturing thing in unexpected places
- Counter-intuitive
- Think about activities over xmas
NEW SEARCHES
Talking to Mark
1.Have I looked at the Steiner School for looking at alternative interactive ways of learning?
2.Go and visit the Rosetta stand at Stratford City, Westfield, near Yo Sushi stand / ipad / iphone versions
Talking to Bill
3. Search for videos about learning characters
http://tudou.com/programs/view/Rx-0A2iWzgg/
xuewen mao jiao hanzi
4. Have I researched periodicals about my motivation?
xuexi hanzi - Youtube search for xuewenmao
5.Conduct a survey in both English and Chinese
- different results/insights from each?
Liaozhai - Ghost (change from animals)
Qilin - myth creature
CARD1: THE PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE
Vision and Imagination
Plan > Jan > Sep / Iteration
Final Project > Designed/Created Prototype (50%)
C.A.R.D (50%)
- articulate the process/where does the thinking come from?
class sizes
18/33 > 53 > 75
2010 > 2011 > 2012
- problem of the lack of being able to touch things
- July 2012 - summer exhibition of ongoing work, organisation of the team (53)
work in progress / not the final work > Sep/Oct
Some people go back in August / Sep - efforts going into the next year
move work around Olympics
calendar / consider implications
PM > MA > Year Calendar
[ ] Prototype + [ ] Final Piece + [ ] C.A.R.D
- Concrete example / Tangible version / can be used to demonstrate to others
- What is an 'art' space
- She wanted something people can walk into
- What object a CARD might look like?
- See out of the box / Push boundaries
- Used the structure of a journal, I'm walking a space...etc.
'A journey' / Endless questions
- Big sculpture / Also a testbed / test device - still imagery/film/sculpture
what is the student trying to find out?
Tone of voice - 1 to 1 conversation, Talking to lots of people
How does work have value?
Things getting changed in the process.
Pictures are there as a key way to show an idea
Quality of thinking / Do not want CARDs over 1500 words
- Everything is being critiqued and challenged.
- Literature review and 'annotated bibliography' - raises questions
- Summarisation/Evaluation of a book
3-4 lines of text about key books / What is this?
- why am I writing this?
- who am I writing this for? / think about the reader
- does the presentation support the meaning?
- tone of voice / could be like a conversation
- quiet or loud voice
- need agreement from sources that work can go into the public domain
final artifact
prototype - cd/model/sculpture/exhibition space/book/tool/robot/large model/poster/furniture/computer/website/integrated model/film/pack of objects
business unit
- understand how to protect ideas in business environment
rework text - grammatical structures
8 PT students - integrating research with practice
keeping connectivity, with other PT students
shifted from practice to theory
- create a social network / keep in touch with tutors inc Britta (FT with RAVE) Jeremy and Liz
PHD - risk break with friends / 5 years / can be unsociable
CARD2: IRISH ECONOMY - Hugo
- Economic problems in Ireland, pushes diaspora worldwide
Film industry in Ireland relies on EU grants
- Animation can be more critical than live motion
Question and subtext
- Look at other MA students CARD questions
Think about the pre as well as the postdigital world
Czech film director - Jan Shankmayer
Their views can put them in prison
Estonia - images censored locally, then censored in Leningrad
Stories and images can be manipulated within an authoritarian state
- Talk about debate, power structures, how events come to be made
'Emotive Strategy' / Screenshots of YouTube
He created a quasi computer game > Cul de sac
- Began to lose motivation in character animation
Ritchie - It's too easy! It's not good enough.
'Concept Strategy' - regrounded by two main influential animators
- Looking into projecting images on buildings
- Rethink about imagery and selection for CARD
- images to illustrate a point
'Cranes'- very graphic sense of hope and fear, also indicator of a growing economy, number of cranes within a country
- Why were certain buildings created?
- Keep in mind the target audience. - ie. Irish cultural diaspora
- Self-criticism and honesty in conclusion - pushed up the grade!
- Reflection on MA course, and how it liberated them through non-commercial work
- Research Process - says what PG05 will be like.
Don't just talk about research aspirationally but also live the research (grounded in the present)
Group interactions - Bill (enabling creative innovation) / IDM group / PT group inc other pathways / FT group inc other pathways
Sarah - Library manager
Can borrow from other universities / Need to contact universities through SCONUL card, re-registered at the library
CARD 3 - TOTAL IMMERSION THEORY
Immersive experience
examples:
- Cinema
- Flotation Tank
- Theme Park Rides
- Debate - experience of music festivals
- Went to California - to work with burning man festival
- Communicated everyday thoughts in a blog
- Keen on installations
'Taste' - personal taste, part of critical apparatus or prejudice
- 'Confessional' - saying things which in other contexts may embarrass
- Explore your own models and be true to your art
- Degree of commitment to the course
- Knew the sites
- Subject review - list of sources
- Terribly concerned about writing in an academic way
- long words, obscure words, distant view/second person
- short words, clear words, close view/first person
Describing experience/ Test film > Immersiveness/Dark spaces
70s film - Parallax View
Liniere from RAVE - Business Unit - find something of 'commercial value' in our ideas - that I can use to build my own business plan - 16 pathways (more like 53 pathways)
CARD 4 - A BOND OF UNDERSTANDING
'Thai+Latin based type design'
- Very quiet and purposeful
Visually led-narrative with text
Tone of voice is different - 'meditation'
Final piece of work - Designed Typeface
Appropriateness of form to the argument
Tone of Voice/Size of Room:
------------------------------
Systematic
Angry
Meditative
Ones who are practical can find theory difficult
Daily blog / Continuing collaboration with Bill over xmas
- Capturing thing in unexpected places
- Counter-intuitive
- Think about activities over xmas
NEW SEARCHES
Talking to Mark
1.Have I looked at the Steiner School for looking at alternative interactive ways of learning?
2.Go and visit the Rosetta stand at Stratford City, Westfield, near Yo Sushi stand / ipad / iphone versions
Talking to Bill
3. Search for videos about learning characters
http://tudou.com/programs/view/Rx-0A2iWzgg/
xuewen mao jiao hanzi
4. Have I researched periodicals about my motivation?
xuexi hanzi - Youtube search for xuewenmao
5.Conduct a survey in both English and Chinese
- different results/insights from each?
Liaozhai - Ghost (change from animals)
Qilin - myth creature
Sunday 4 December 2011
Research Process - Harvard referencing notes (from Cite them right) - 04 Dec 2011
Cite
them right - notes
----------------------------
from page 5 - CITE THEM RIGHT BOOKCiting multiple sources
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, these can be separated by semicolons. (;) then chronologically by year of publication, with most recent first.
eg.Recent studies (Williams,2009; Andrews et al., 2008; Martin and Richards, 2008; Town, 2009) considered...Citing multiple-author edited publications
If you want to cite a book edited by Holmes and Baker, which has for example ten contributors, but does not specify who wrote which section or chapter, follow this format.
eg.Recent research (Holmes and Baker, 2009, pp.411-428) proved...Citing multiple publications published in the same year by the same authorsCiting more than two or more publications by an author or authors published in the same year. To distinguish between the authors use lower case letters in alphabetical order after publication date.
eg.in his study Miller (2006a, p.18) emphasised the painter's mastery. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller,2006b,pp. 143-152) argued that...
in reference list this would be shown as:
Miller, S. (2006a) Flemish masters.
London; Phaidon Press
Miller, S. (2006b) Rubens.
London: Killington PressTo cite different editions of the same work by the same author, separate the dataes of publication with a semicolon:
In both editions (Hawksworth, 2007;2002)Where author cannot be identified
In a recent study (Health of the nation, 2009, p.94), statistics showed...Where the date of the work cannot be identified, use the phrase 'no date'
In an interesting survey, the authors (Harvey and Williams, no date, pp.243-245) conclude that much research has concentrated on...Where both the author and date are unknown, the citation would look like this:
Integrated transport systems clearly work (Trends in European Transport systems, no date p. 49).If citing a webpage:
The latest survey of professionals () reveals that ...Setting out quotations
Quotations should be relevant to your argument and used judiciously in your text.
eg.
Bryson (2004, p. 156) commented that 'If you need to illustrate the idea of 19c America as a land of opportunity,etc'.
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph:
King (1997) describes the interwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages:
quote inline of the etc...while summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw...Paraphrasing
Eg.
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical...etc
Putting someone else's writing in own words.Summarising
Netheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and linguistic links between,etcMaking changes to quotations
'Drug prevention...efforts backed this up' (Gardner,2007, p.49).Adding additional words to quotations
'In this field [crime prevention], community support officers...' (Higgins, 2008, p.17).Pointing out an error in a quotation
Wiiliams (2008, p.86) noted that 'builders maid [sic]' bricks
'Hast thou not removed one Grain of Dirt and Rhubbish?' (Kent)
'Have you not removed one grain of dirt or rubbish?' (Kent, 1727, p.2, spelling modernised)If original text includes italics make su re that these are included
'Large numbers of women etc'Secondary referencing – citing the work of one author when it has been cited in the work of another author
eg.
(CITED SOURCE AND AUTHOR IN BRACKETS)
Murray's conclusion (2007, p.82) supports the views of White (2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p.82) on genetic abnormalities in crops.
(BOTH AUTHORS IN BRACKETS)
There was further evidence to support researchers' views on crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).
(FIRST AUTHORS PUBLICATION IN BRACKETS)
Murray (2007, p. 82), citing White's views on genetic abnormalities in crops (2001), supports the view that...
Citethemright: Page 9How should I set out references in my reference list and bibliography?
In the Harvard (author-date) system, your references link with the in-text citations so that the reader can confirm the full publication details of the work cited in the text.
Example:In-text citation
In a recently published survey (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p. 93) the authors argue that...Reference list:
Hill, P., Smith, R. And Reid, L. (2010) Education in the 21st century. London: Education Research Press
Works cited in appendices but not in the main text should still be included in the reference list.
Examples:
Surname, first letter - Hill, P
Contributing names
Some publications are written by corporations ie.University of Cumbria
If publication is compiled by an editor or editors – add (ed) or (eds)
Do not use anon, use the title of the work
Title of publication in italics
PAGE 10:
- only include edition number if it is higher than the first edition, edition is abbreviated to ednPlace of publication and publisher
included for books in this order – place of publication: publisher
ie. London: Initial Music PublishingISBNs
ISBNs are not normally used in referencesPage reference
- usually only need to include page numbers in the in-text citation, and not in the reference list unless a particular chapter is being referred to, then show a range pp. 90-99.Series
Include series and volume number if relevantTitle of journal/newspaper article
- use the title given at the beginning of the article
- put the title in quotesTitle of journal/newspaper
- use the title given on the journal/newspaper front cover
- capitalise the first letter of each word, except for linking words such as as, and, of, the, for
- put the title of the journal/newspaper in italics
- abbreviate titles of science journalsIssue info
For serial publications (journals, newspapers, etc) include the following information
order volume number, followed by issue/part number in round brackets, date or season for example 87(3); or summer; or 19 julyURL (Uniform Resource Locator)
When referencing a web page, you include the same details as you would for a book (author, title, publisher/producer)
Can truncate the web page url if necessary
Include the date you accessed a webpage ie. (Accessed: 14 Feb 2010)
Online information using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
ie. 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312Journal articles using article numbers and DOIs
Some publishers use article numbers instead of issue and page numbers. Each article has a new set of page numbers, rather than the traditional model of a single set of page numbers running through all the articles in an issue.Unpublished works
You can cite and reference unpublished documents, research and so on in the same way as published, but make it clear that the work remains unpublished.
ChecklistBook:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication in italics, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition.Chapter from Book:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition, Page number(s).E-books:
Author, Year of publication, Title of Publication, Publisher, Edition, URL, Date accessed.Journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of Publication, Issue information, Page number(s).Electronic journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s), URL, Date accessed.Internet site:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication, URL, Date accessed.Newspaper article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s).
PAGE 14How to cite and reference sources using the Harvard (author-date) style:
Sources:
-----------
Reference list items:
1.1 Books
Author, editor, year, title, edition, place of publication, publisher.
Bell, J. (ed) (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press1.2 Electronic Books (e-books)
Author, year of publication of book, title of book, name of e-book collection, online, available at, accessed date.
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Doing your research project. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2010)1.3 Historical books in online collections
Author, year of publication, title of publication, title of online publication, online, available at url, accessed date.
Adam, R. (1764) Ruins of the palace. Eighteenth century collections online [Online]. Available at: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO (Accessed: 2 June 2010)
Henry, W. (1823) The elements of experimental chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.com/books (Accessed: 8 April 2010)1.4 Reprint editions
David, M. (1968) Towards honesty in public relations. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1990.1.5 Translated books
Schweitzer, A, (1911) J.S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. Reprint, New York; Dover Publications, 1996.1.6 Chapters/sections of edited books
Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initials), year of publication, title of chapter/section, in plus author, editor, title of book, place of publication, page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem' in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.1.7 Multi-volume works
Author, year of publication, title of book, volumes, place of publication.
Butcher, R. (1961) A new british flora (2 vols). London: Leonard Hill.1.8 Chapters in multi-volume works
Author of the chapter/section, year of publication, title of chapter/section, in, title of book, place of publication, page numbers of chapter/section.1.9 Reference books
(with author)
Beal, P. (2008) 'Folio', A dictionary of English manuscript technology: 1450 to 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(no author)
Collins beginner's German dictionary (2008) New York: Collins1.10 Online reference books
Rose, M.R. (2007) 'Adaptation' in Levin, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of biodiversity, pp. 17-23 [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/275486965
(Accessed: 5 March 2010).
Example of printed reference work: that is being updated online:
Badash, L. (2004) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 381-389
Work which is being updated online, but not updated in print.
Badash, L. (2008) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography (2004) [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35891 (Accessed: 25 May 2010)1.11 Atlases
The Times atlas of the world (2002) London: Times Books.1.12 Audiobooks
same as 20.4 and 20.51.13 Pamphlets
same as 1.1
Bradley, M. (1994) How to use. London: ASLIB.1.14 Exhibition Catalogues
Author of catalogue, (year)1.15 Anthologies
Editor/compiler of anthology/year of publication/title of book/place of publication
West, C. (compiler and illustrator) (1989)
The beginner's book of bad behaviour.
London: Beaver Books.
Line of poem within anthology
Author of poem, year of publication, title of poem, in plus author/editor/compiler of book
Title of book, place of publication, page reference1.16 Lines with plays
Author, Year of publication, title, edition information, place of publication, act.scene.line.
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, TJB. London: Penguin. 1.2: 177.1.17 Sacred texts
1.17 a.The Bible
Book of the Bible, chapter: verse
Matthew 5: 3-121.17 b.The Torah
eg.
Torah. Shemot 3:141.17 c.The Qur'an
Qur'an 20:261.18 Bibliographies
Ushpol (1958) noted the key research...
Ushpol, R. (1958) Select bibliography of South African autobiographies. Cape Town, School of Librarianship2 Journal articles
2.1 Articles in printed journals
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, Issue information, Page reference.
Dawes, J. And Rowley, J. (1998) 'Enhancing the customer experience: contributions from information technology', Management Decision, 36(5), pp. 350-357.2.2 Journal/newspaper articles in online collections (e-journals/online newspapers)
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, vol, issue, page no, +name of collection (italics), [online], available at url/doi, accessed (date).
t.3 Articles in individual online journals (e-journals)
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue, [online], available at, (accessed: date)2.4 Articles in open access journals (e-journals)
Author, year, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue no, name of open access ,
archive, [online], available at, (accessed: date)3. Newspaper articles
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, edition if required, day and month, page reference.
Old, D. (2008) 'House prices', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p.25 3.1 Printed newspapers
3.2 Articles from individual online newspapers
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, day and month, [online], available at, (accessed: date)
----------------------------
from page 5 - CITE THEM RIGHT BOOKCiting multiple sources
If you need to refer to two or more publications at the same time, these can be separated by semicolons. (;) then chronologically by year of publication, with most recent first.
eg.Recent studies (Williams,2009; Andrews et al., 2008; Martin and Richards, 2008; Town, 2009) considered...Citing multiple-author edited publications
If you want to cite a book edited by Holmes and Baker, which has for example ten contributors, but does not specify who wrote which section or chapter, follow this format.
eg.Recent research (Holmes and Baker, 2009, pp.411-428) proved...Citing multiple publications published in the same year by the same authorsCiting more than two or more publications by an author or authors published in the same year. To distinguish between the authors use lower case letters in alphabetical order after publication date.
eg.in his study Miller (2006a, p.18) emphasised the painter's mastery. However, his final analysis on this subject (Miller,2006b,pp. 143-152) argued that...
in reference list this would be shown as:
Miller, S. (2006a) Flemish masters.
London; Phaidon Press
Miller, S. (2006b) Rubens.
London: Killington PressTo cite different editions of the same work by the same author, separate the dataes of publication with a semicolon:
In both editions (Hawksworth, 2007;2002)Where author cannot be identified
In a recent study (Health of the nation, 2009, p.94), statistics showed...Where the date of the work cannot be identified, use the phrase 'no date'
In an interesting survey, the authors (Harvey and Williams, no date, pp.243-245) conclude that much research has concentrated on...Where both the author and date are unknown, the citation would look like this:
Integrated transport systems clearly work (Trends in European Transport systems, no date p. 49).If citing a webpage:
The latest survey of professionals () reveals that ...Setting out quotations
Quotations should be relevant to your argument and used judiciously in your text.
eg.
Bryson (2004, p. 156) commented that 'If you need to illustrate the idea of 19c America as a land of opportunity,etc'.
Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph:
King (1997) describes the interwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages:
quote inline of the etc...while summer lay all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland looked up and saw...Paraphrasing
Eg.
Harrison (2007, p. 48) clearly distinguishes between the historical...etc
Putting someone else's writing in own words.Summarising
Netheless, one important study (Harrison, 2007) looks closely at the historical and linguistic links between,etcMaking changes to quotations
'Drug prevention...efforts backed this up' (Gardner,2007, p.49).Adding additional words to quotations
'In this field [crime prevention], community support officers...' (Higgins, 2008, p.17).Pointing out an error in a quotation
Wiiliams (2008, p.86) noted that 'builders maid [sic]' bricks
'Hast thou not removed one Grain of Dirt and Rhubbish?' (Kent)
'Have you not removed one grain of dirt or rubbish?' (Kent, 1727, p.2, spelling modernised)If original text includes italics make su re that these are included
'Large numbers of women etc'Secondary referencing – citing the work of one author when it has been cited in the work of another author
eg.
(CITED SOURCE AND AUTHOR IN BRACKETS)
Murray's conclusion (2007, p.82) supports the views of White (2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p.82) on genetic abnormalities in crops.
(BOTH AUTHORS IN BRACKETS)
There was further evidence to support researchers' views on crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).
(FIRST AUTHORS PUBLICATION IN BRACKETS)
Murray (2007, p. 82), citing White's views on genetic abnormalities in crops (2001), supports the view that...
Citethemright: Page 9How should I set out references in my reference list and bibliography?
In the Harvard (author-date) system, your references link with the in-text citations so that the reader can confirm the full publication details of the work cited in the text.
Example:In-text citation
In a recently published survey (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p. 93) the authors argue that...Reference list:
Hill, P., Smith, R. And Reid, L. (2010) Education in the 21st century. London: Education Research Press
Works cited in appendices but not in the main text should still be included in the reference list.
Examples:
Surname, first letter - Hill, P
Contributing names
Some publications are written by corporations ie.University of Cumbria
If publication is compiled by an editor or editors – add (ed) or (eds)
Do not use anon, use the title of the work
Title of publication in italics
PAGE 10:
- only include edition number if it is higher than the first edition, edition is abbreviated to ednPlace of publication and publisher
included for books in this order – place of publication: publisher
ie. London: Initial Music PublishingISBNs
ISBNs are not normally used in referencesPage reference
- usually only need to include page numbers in the in-text citation, and not in the reference list unless a particular chapter is being referred to, then show a range pp. 90-99.Series
Include series and volume number if relevantTitle of journal/newspaper article
- use the title given at the beginning of the article
- put the title in quotesTitle of journal/newspaper
- use the title given on the journal/newspaper front cover
- capitalise the first letter of each word, except for linking words such as as, and, of, the, for
- put the title of the journal/newspaper in italics
- abbreviate titles of science journalsIssue info
For serial publications (journals, newspapers, etc) include the following information
order volume number, followed by issue/part number in round brackets, date or season for example 87(3); or summer; or 19 julyURL (Uniform Resource Locator)
When referencing a web page, you include the same details as you would for a book (author, title, publisher/producer)
Can truncate the web page url if necessary
Include the date you accessed a webpage ie. (Accessed: 14 Feb 2010)
Online information using Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs)
ie. 10.1088/0004-6256/136/1/312Journal articles using article numbers and DOIs
Some publishers use article numbers instead of issue and page numbers. Each article has a new set of page numbers, rather than the traditional model of a single set of page numbers running through all the articles in an issue.Unpublished works
You can cite and reference unpublished documents, research and so on in the same way as published, but make it clear that the work remains unpublished.
ChecklistBook:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication in italics, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition.Chapter from Book:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Place of publication, Publisher, Edition, Page number(s).E-books:
Author, Year of publication, Title of Publication, Publisher, Edition, URL, Date accessed.Journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of Publication, Issue information, Page number(s).Electronic journal article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s), URL, Date accessed.Internet site:
Author, Year of publication, Title of publication, URL, Date accessed.Newspaper article:
Author, Year of publication, Title of article/chapter, Title of publication, Issue information, Page number(s).
PAGE 14How to cite and reference sources using the Harvard (author-date) style:
Sources:
-----------
Reference list items:
1.1 Books
Author, editor, year, title, edition, place of publication, publisher.
Bell, J. (ed) (2010) Doing your research project. 5th edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press1.2 Electronic Books (e-books)
Author, year of publication of book, title of book, name of e-book collection, online, available at, accessed date.
Graham, S. and Marvin, S. (2001) Doing your research project. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 23 June 2010)1.3 Historical books in online collections
Author, year of publication, title of publication, title of online publication, online, available at url, accessed date.
Adam, R. (1764) Ruins of the palace. Eighteenth century collections online [Online]. Available at: http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/ECCO (Accessed: 2 June 2010)
Henry, W. (1823) The elements of experimental chemistry. Google Books [Online]. Available at: http://books.google.com/books (Accessed: 8 April 2010)1.4 Reprint editions
David, M. (1968) Towards honesty in public relations. Reprint, London: B.Y. Jove, 1990.1.5 Translated books
Schweitzer, A, (1911) J.S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. Reprint, New York; Dover Publications, 1996.1.6 Chapters/sections of edited books
Author of the chapter/section (surname followed by initials), year of publication, title of chapter/section, in plus author, editor, title of book, place of publication, page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem' in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.1.7 Multi-volume works
Author, year of publication, title of book, volumes, place of publication.
Butcher, R. (1961) A new british flora (2 vols). London: Leonard Hill.1.8 Chapters in multi-volume works
Author of the chapter/section, year of publication, title of chapter/section, in, title of book, place of publication, page numbers of chapter/section.1.9 Reference books
(with author)
Beal, P. (2008) 'Folio', A dictionary of English manuscript technology: 1450 to 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(no author)
Collins beginner's German dictionary (2008) New York: Collins1.10 Online reference books
Rose, M.R. (2007) 'Adaptation' in Levin, S.A. (ed.) Encyclopedia of biodiversity, pp. 17-23 [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/275486965
(Accessed: 5 March 2010).
Example of printed reference work: that is being updated online:
Badash, L. (2004) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 381-389
Work which is being updated online, but not updated in print.
Badash, L. (2008) 'Rutherford, Ernest, Baron Rutherford of Nelson (1871-1937)', in Oxford dictionary of national biography (2004) [Online]. Available at: http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35891 (Accessed: 25 May 2010)1.11 Atlases
The Times atlas of the world (2002) London: Times Books.1.12 Audiobooks
same as 20.4 and 20.51.13 Pamphlets
same as 1.1
Bradley, M. (1994) How to use. London: ASLIB.1.14 Exhibition Catalogues
Author of catalogue, (year)1.15 Anthologies
Editor/compiler of anthology/year of publication/title of book/place of publication
West, C. (compiler and illustrator) (1989)
The beginner's book of bad behaviour.
London: Beaver Books.
Line of poem within anthology
Author of poem, year of publication, title of poem, in plus author/editor/compiler of book
Title of book, place of publication, page reference1.16 Lines with plays
Author, Year of publication, title, edition information, place of publication, act.scene.line.
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, TJB. London: Penguin. 1.2: 177.1.17 Sacred texts
1.17 a.The Bible
Book of the Bible, chapter: verse
Matthew 5: 3-121.17 b.The Torah
eg.
Torah. Shemot 3:141.17 c.The Qur'an
Qur'an 20:261.18 Bibliographies
Ushpol (1958) noted the key research...
Ushpol, R. (1958) Select bibliography of South African autobiographies. Cape Town, School of Librarianship2 Journal articles
2.1 Articles in printed journals
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, Issue information, Page reference.
Dawes, J. And Rowley, J. (1998) 'Enhancing the customer experience: contributions from information technology', Management Decision, 36(5), pp. 350-357.2.2 Journal/newspaper articles in online collections (e-journals/online newspapers)
Author, Year of publication, Title of article, Title of journal, vol, issue, page no, +name of collection (italics), [online], available at url/doi, accessed (date).
t.3 Articles in individual online journals (e-journals)
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue, [online], available at, (accessed: date)2.4 Articles in open access journals (e-journals)
Author, year, title of article, title of journal, vol, issue no, name of open access ,
archive, [online], available at, (accessed: date)3. Newspaper articles
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, edition if required, day and month, page reference.
Old, D. (2008) 'House prices', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p.25 3.1 Printed newspapers
3.2 Articles from individual online newspapers
Author, year of pub, title of article, title of newspaper, day and month, [online], available at, (accessed: date)
3.3
Journal/newspaper articles from full-text CD-ROM databases
Author, year of pub, title of article, journal/title of newspaper, volume, date (day and month), page references, [CD-ROM], Producer (where possible), available: publisher/distributor4. Conferences
4.1 Full conference proceedings
Author/editor, Year of pub, title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher
Institute for Small Business Affairs (2000) Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs. 4.2 Individual conference papers
Author of paper, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher, page for the paper
Cook, D. (2000) 'Developing franchised business in Scotland', Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp. 127-136.4.3 Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
Author, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, publisher, available at: URL, (Accessed: date)5. Theses
5.1 Unpublished theses
Tregear, A.E.J. (2001) Speciality regional foods in the UK: an investigation from the perspectives of marketing and social history. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.5.2 Theses available on the internet
Winkleman, P. (2001) Beyond science: an exploration of values in engineering education and practice. PhD thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta [Online]. Available at: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/64892.pdf (Accessed: 14 June 2010)6. Personal and virtual learning environments (for example Blackboard, PebblePad, webCT and Wimba)
6.1 Tutor's notes
Author/tutor, year of publication, title of item, name of academic module [Online] Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)
Hollis, K. (2008) 'Week 7: dissertation preparation materials'. Research methods for MA History [Online]. Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2010)6.2 Journal articles
Author, Year of publication, 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.3 Text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
Author, Year of publication of book, 'Extract title', Place of publication: publisher, page numbers of extract, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.4 Messages from course discussion boards
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of message', Title of discussion board, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)7. Digital repositories
7.1 Books in digital repositories
Author, (Year), Title , Place of publication: Publisher, Name of digital repository (ital), [Online], optional document number, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.2 Prepublication journal articles in digital repositories
Author, (Year), 'Title of article', To be published in:, Title of journal, Volume and issue numbers, Publisher, Name of repository (ital), [Preprint], Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.3 Conference papers in digital repositories
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of conference: (subtitle in ital) , Organisation or company (if stated), Location and date of conference, Name of repository (ital), [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8. The internet
8.1 Web pages with individual authors
Author, (Year of publication/last published), Title of internet site (ital) , Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.2 Web pages with organisations as authors
British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 17 June 2011)8.3 Web pages with no authors
Palladio's Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2011)
8.4 Web pages with no authors or titles
http://www.redcross.org.uk (2008) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.5 Web pages with no dates http://www.redcross.org.uk (no date) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.6 Blogs
Author of message, (Year that the site was last published/last updated), 'Title of message' , Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.7 Wikis
'Title of article', (Year that the site was last published/last updated), Title of internet site (ital). Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
'Thomas Telford' (2008) Wikipedia.
Available at: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford (Accessed: 11 May 2010)8.8 Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of page'. Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
Fry, S. (2010) 'Favourites', Twitter, 13 January. Available at: http://twitter.com/stephenfry/favourites (Accessed: 18 January 2010).9. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
Title of publication (ital), (year of publication) [CD-ROM] or [DVD-ROM] Producer, Available: publisher/distributor
World development indicators (2002) [CD-ROM]. The World Bank Group. Available: SilverPlatter.10. Computer programs
Author, Date, Title of program (ital), (Version) [Computer program] Availability – that is distributor, address, order number or url is downloaded from internet
TechSmith Corporation (2008) Camtasia Studio [Version 3] [Computer program] Available at: http://www.techsmith.com/download/trials.asp (Accessed: 21 June 2010)11. Reports
Author or organisation, (Year of publication), Title of report (ital), Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
[Online]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)11.1 Research reports
Bradshaw, J., Middleton, S., Davis, A., Oldfield, N., Smith, N., Cusworth, L and Williams, J. (2008) A minimum income standard for Britain: what people think [Online]. Available at: http://www.irf.org /document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.2 Company annual reports
British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (2007) Annual report [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.3 Market research reports from online databases
Mintel (2008) 'Car insurance UK', Mintel oxygen reports platform [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.4 Financial reports from online databases
Author, year of pub, title of article, journal/title of newspaper, volume, date (day and month), page references, [CD-ROM], Producer (where possible), available: publisher/distributor4. Conferences
4.1 Full conference proceedings
Author/editor, Year of pub, title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher
Institute for Small Business Affairs (2000) Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs. 4.2 Individual conference papers
Author of paper, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, place of publication: publisher, page for the paper
Cook, D. (2000) 'Developing franchised business in Scotland', Small firms: adding the spark: the 23rd ISBA national small firms policy and research conference. Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, 15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for Small Business Affairs, pp. 127-136.4.3 Papers from conference proceedings published on the internet
Author, (year of publication), 'title of paper', title of conference, location and date of conference, publisher, available at: URL, (Accessed: date)5. Theses
5.1 Unpublished theses
Tregear, A.E.J. (2001) Speciality regional foods in the UK: an investigation from the perspectives of marketing and social history. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne.5.2 Theses available on the internet
Winkleman, P. (2001) Beyond science: an exploration of values in engineering education and practice. PhD thesis. University of Calgary, Alberta [Online]. Available at: http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/64892.pdf (Accessed: 14 June 2010)6. Personal and virtual learning environments (for example Blackboard, PebblePad, webCT and Wimba)
6.1 Tutor's notes
Author/tutor, year of publication, title of item, name of academic module [Online] Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)
Hollis, K. (2008) 'Week 7: dissertation preparation materials'. Research methods for MA History [Online]. Available at: http://duo.dur.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2010)6.2 Journal articles
Author, Year of publication, 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.3 Text extracts from books digitised for use in VLEs
Author, Year of publication of book, 'Extract title', Place of publication: publisher, page numbers of extract, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)6.4 Messages from course discussion boards
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of message', Title of discussion board, Name of academic module (ital), [Online], Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date)7. Digital repositories
7.1 Books in digital repositories
Author, (Year), Title , Place of publication: Publisher, Name of digital repository (ital), [Online], optional document number, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.2 Prepublication journal articles in digital repositories
Author, (Year), 'Title of article', To be published in:, Title of journal, Volume and issue numbers, Publisher, Name of repository (ital), [Preprint], Available at: URL (Accessed: date)7.3 Conference papers in digital repositories
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of conference: (subtitle in ital) , Organisation or company (if stated), Location and date of conference, Name of repository (ital), [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8. The internet
8.1 Web pages with individual authors
Author, (Year of publication/last published), Title of internet site (ital) , Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.2 Web pages with organisations as authors
British Red Cross (2008) Open gardens. Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 17 June 2011)8.3 Web pages with no authors
Palladio's Italian villas (2005) Available at: http://www.redcross.org.uk (Accessed: 2 February 2011)
8.4 Web pages with no authors or titles
http://www.redcross.org.uk (2008) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.5 Web pages with no dates http://www.redcross.org.uk (no date) (Accessed: 14 July 2011)8.6 Blogs
Author of message, (Year that the site was last published/last updated), 'Title of message' , Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)8.7 Wikis
'Title of article', (Year that the site was last published/last updated), Title of internet site (ital). Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
'Thomas Telford' (2008) Wikipedia.
Available at: http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford (Accessed: 11 May 2010)8.8 Social networking websites (for example Facebook, Twitter)
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of page'. Title of internet site (ital) Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
Fry, S. (2010) 'Favourites', Twitter, 13 January. Available at: http://twitter.com/stephenfry/favourites (Accessed: 18 January 2010).9. CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs
Title of publication (ital), (year of publication) [CD-ROM] or [DVD-ROM] Producer, Available: publisher/distributor
World development indicators (2002) [CD-ROM]. The World Bank Group. Available: SilverPlatter.10. Computer programs
Author, Date, Title of program (ital), (Version) [Computer program] Availability – that is distributor, address, order number or url is downloaded from internet
TechSmith Corporation (2008) Camtasia Studio [Version 3] [Computer program] Available at: http://www.techsmith.com/download/trials.asp (Accessed: 21 June 2010)11. Reports
Author or organisation, (Year of publication), Title of report (ital), Place of publication: publisher
OR if accessed on the internet:
[Online]
Available at: URL
(Accessed: date)11.1 Research reports
Bradshaw, J., Middleton, S., Davis, A., Oldfield, N., Smith, N., Cusworth, L and Williams, J. (2008) A minimum income standard for Britain: what people think [Online]. Available at: http://www.irf.org /document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.2 Company annual reports
British Sky Broadcasting Group plc (2007) Annual report [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.3 Market research reports from online databases
Mintel (2008) 'Car insurance UK', Mintel oxygen reports platform [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)11.4 Financial reports from online databases
Publishing
organisation, (year of publication/last updated), 'title of extract',
Database title (ital) [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed:
date)
Bureau van Dijk (2008) 'BT Group plc company report', FAME [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)12. Legal material using the Harvard (author date style)
12.1 House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, (paper number). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers12.2 Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, Bill number (in brackets).12.3 UK statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Short title of Act and year (ital), Regnal year, Name of sovereign, Chapter number
Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. 8, c. 1).
for post-1963 statutes use the short title of an Act, with the year in which it was enacted.
Great Britain, Name of Act: name of sovereign. Chapter number (ital) (Year of publication) Place of publication: publisher
Great Britain. Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22 (1999) London: The Stationery Office.12.4 Statutory Instruments (SIs)
12.5 Law Commission reports and consultation papers
Great Britain. Law Commission (Year of publication) Title of report or consultation paper
Place of publication: publisher, Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number.12.6 Legal cases
Name of parties involved in case Date Volume number13. Government publications
13.1 Command papers including Green and White papers
Great Britain. Name of committee or Royal Commission, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Paper number in brackets]13.2 Departmental publications
Country. Name of government department, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Series in brackets]14. Publications of international organisations
Name of organisation or institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher15. European Union (EU) publications
Name of EU institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher16. Scientific and technical information
16.1 British Standards
16.1 a.British Standards
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard
Place of publication: publisher16.1 b.British Standards from online databases
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard,
Title of database [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.2 Patents
Inventor(s) (Year of publication) Title, Authorising organisation, Patent number [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.3 Scientific datasets
Author, (Date) 'Title of data', Title of data, Title of database Version [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.4 Mathematical equations
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)16.5 Graphs
Author, (Year of publication), Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page number or figure number for graph, graph.17. Reviews
Name of reviewer, (Year of publication of the review), 'Title of the review', Review of... Identification of the work reviewed, Author/director of work being reviewed, Publication details.17.1 Book reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Publication, pp.17.2 Drama reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.17.3 Film reviews
Magazine review format
Internet review format17.4 Reviews of musical performances
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.18. Visual sources
18.1 Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables
Author of book, (Year of pub) Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page ref of Illustration, illus./fig./logo/table18.2 Cartoons
Artist, Date (if available) 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon] Title of publication Day and month18.3 Installations
Artist, (Year) Title of installation [Installation] Location Date seen18.4 Maps
18.4 a.Ordnance Survey maps
Ordnance survey, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher
(Series)18.4 b.Geological Survey maps
Corporate author and publisher, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher (Series)18.4 c.Online maps
Map publisher, (Year of publication) 'Title of map section' Sheet number or tile, scale Title of online source [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.5 Paintings/drawings
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work18.6 Photographs
18.6 a.Prints or slides
Photographer, (Year of publication) Title of photo, [Photograph] Place of publication: publisher (if available)18.6 b.Photographs from the internet
Photographer, (Year of publication), 'Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.6 c.Photographs in online collections (ie. Flickr)
Photographer, (Year of publication), Title of photograph, Title of online collection [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)18.7 Postcards
Artist (Year), Title [Postcard] Place of publication: publisher18.8 Posters
Artist (Year), Title [Poster] Exhibited at, Location and date(s) of exhibition, Dimensions (if relevant and available)18.9 Sculpture
Sculptor (Year), Title [Sculpture] Name of collection19. Live performances
19.1 Concerts
Composer, (Year of performance), Title Performed by...conducted by...[Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.2 Dance
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.3 Plays
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20. Audiovisual material
20.1 Radio
20.1 a.Radio programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.1 b.Radio programmes heard on the internet
Title of programme, (Year of original transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month), Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.2 Television
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 a.Television programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 b.Episodes of a television series
'Title of episode', (Year of transmission), Title of programme, Series and episode numbers, Name of Channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 c.Television programmes/series on DVD/Blu-ray
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Director and writer, Date of original broadcast, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 d.Separate episodes from DVD/Blu-ray box sets
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Title of compilation or box-set, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 e.Television programmes viewed on the internet
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Name of channel, Day of transmission, [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.3 Audio/video downloads
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, Name of download site, [Download] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.4 Music or spoken word recordings on audio Cds/audio CD-ROMs
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [CD] Place of distribution: distribution company20.5 Music or spoken word recordings on audio cassettes
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [Audio cassette] Place of publication: publisher20.6 Liner notes
Artist, (Year), Title of liner notes text, in, Title of recording [CD liner notes] Place of distribution: distribution company20.7 Lyrics from songs
Lyricist, (Year of distribution), Title of song, Place of distribution: distribution company20.8 Musical scores
Composer, (Year of publication) Title of score, Notes, Place of publication: publisher20.9 Films/movies
20.9 a.Films/movies
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [Film] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 b.Films on DVD/Blu-ray
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 c.Directors' commentaries on DVD/Blu-ray
Name of commentator, (Year), 'Director's commentary' Name of film Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 d.Interviews with directors of films
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview' Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of film [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 e.Films on video cassettes
Title of film or programme (Year of distribution) Directed by [Video cassette] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 f.Films on Youtube
Name of person posting video, (Year video posted), Title of film or programme, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.10 Podcasts
Author/presenter, (Year that the video was published/last updated), 'Title of podcast', Title of internet site, [Podcast] Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.11 Phonecasts/programmes transmitted to mobile
'Title of Phonecast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Phonecast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.12 Screencasts/video capturing
'Title of Screencast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Screencast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.13 Vidcasts/vodcasts
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of vidcast', Title of website, [Videocast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
20.14 Microform (microfiche and microfilm)
Author, (Year of publication), Title of microform, [Medium] Place of publication: publisher
21. Interviews
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview', Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of publication or broadcast, Day and month of interview22. Public communications
22.1 Lectures/seminars/webinars/video conferences
Author/speaker, (Year), 'Title of communication', [Medium] Day/month22.2 Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
Author of message, (Year of message), 'Subject of the message', discussion group or bulletin board, Date posted: day/month [Online] Available email: email address22.3 Entire discussion graouphs or bulletin boards
List name, (Year of last update), [Online] Available email: email address (Accessed: date)22.4 Press releases/announcements
Author/organisation, (Year issued), Title of communication, [Press Release] Day/month
or if available online add:
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
22.5 Leaflets
Author individual or corporate, (Date if available), Title, [Leaflet obtained...] Date 22.6 Advertisements
Source (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Date, page, url, accessed.22.7 Display boards (for example in museums)
Bureau van Dijk (2008) 'BT Group plc company report', FAME [Online]. Available at: http://library.corporate-ir.net/document.pdf (Accessed: 3 July 2010)12. Legal material using the Harvard (author date style)
12.1 House of Commons and House of Lords Papers
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, (paper number). For House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House of Commons paper numbers12.2 Bills (House of Commons or House of Lords)
Great Britain, Parliament. House of ... (Year of publication) Title (ital) Place of publication: publisher, Bill number (in brackets).12.3 UK statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Short title of Act and year (ital), Regnal year, Name of sovereign, Chapter number
Act of Supremacy 1534 (26 Hen. 8, c. 1).
for post-1963 statutes use the short title of an Act, with the year in which it was enacted.
Great Britain, Name of Act: name of sovereign. Chapter number (ital) (Year of publication) Place of publication: publisher
Great Britain. Access to Justice Act 1999: Elizabeth II. Chapter 22 (1999) London: The Stationery Office.12.4 Statutory Instruments (SIs)
12.5 Law Commission reports and consultation papers
Great Britain. Law Commission (Year of publication) Title of report or consultation paper
Place of publication: publisher, Number of report or consultation paper, Command Paper number.12.6 Legal cases
Name of parties involved in case Date Volume number13. Government publications
13.1 Command papers including Green and White papers
Great Britain. Name of committee or Royal Commission, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Paper number in brackets]13.2 Departmental publications
Country. Name of government department, (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher [Series in brackets]14. Publications of international organisations
Name of organisation or institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher15. European Union (EU) publications
Name of EU institution. (Year of publication) Title
Place of publication: publisher16. Scientific and technical information
16.1 British Standards
16.1 a.British Standards
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard
Place of publication: publisher16.1 b.British Standards from online databases
Name of authorising organisation. (Year of publication) Number and title of standard,
Title of database [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.2 Patents
Inventor(s) (Year of publication) Title, Authorising organisation, Patent number [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.3 Scientific datasets
Author, (Date) 'Title of data', Title of data, Title of database Version [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)16.4 Mathematical equations
Author, (Year of publication), 'Title of article', Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)16.5 Graphs
Author, (Year of publication), Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page number or figure number for graph, graph.17. Reviews
Name of reviewer, (Year of publication of the review), 'Title of the review', Review of... Identification of the work reviewed, Author/director of work being reviewed, Publication details.17.1 Book reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Publication, pp.17.2 Drama reviews
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.17.3 Film reviews
Magazine review format
Internet review format17.4 Reviews of musical performances
Surname, N, (date) 'Title'. Review of .................., by Author firstname surname. Theatre. Location, Publication (section), edition, pp.18. Visual sources
18.1 Book illustrations, diagrams, logos or tables
Author of book, (Year of pub) Title of book, Place of publication: publisher, Page ref of Illustration, illus./fig./logo/table18.2 Cartoons
Artist, Date (if available) 'Title of cartoon' [Cartoon] Title of publication Day and month18.3 Installations
Artist, (Year) Title of installation [Installation] Location Date seen18.4 Maps
18.4 a.Ordnance Survey maps
Ordnance survey, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher
(Series)18.4 b.Geological Survey maps
Corporate author and publisher, (Year of publication) Title Sheet number, scale Place of publication: publisher (Series)18.4 c.Online maps
Map publisher, (Year of publication) 'Title of map section' Sheet number or tile, scale Title of online source [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.5 Paintings/drawings
Artist (Year) Title of work [Medium] Institution or collection that houses the work18.6 Photographs
18.6 a.Prints or slides
Photographer, (Year of publication) Title of photo, [Photograph] Place of publication: publisher (if available)18.6 b.Photographs from the internet
Photographer, (Year of publication), 'Title of journal, Volume, issue, page numbers [Online] Available at: URL of webpage or DOI (Accessed: date)18.6 c.Photographs in online collections (ie. Flickr)
Photographer, (Year of publication), Title of photograph, Title of online collection [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)18.7 Postcards
Artist (Year), Title [Postcard] Place of publication: publisher18.8 Posters
Artist (Year), Title [Poster] Exhibited at, Location and date(s) of exhibition, Dimensions (if relevant and available)18.9 Sculpture
Sculptor (Year), Title [Sculpture] Name of collection19. Live performances
19.1 Concerts
Composer, (Year of performance), Title Performed by...conducted by...[Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.2 Dance
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)19.3 Plays
Composer or choreographer, (Year of premiere), Title [Location. Date seen] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20. Audiovisual material
20.1 Radio
20.1 a.Radio programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.1 b.Radio programmes heard on the internet
Title of programme, (Year of original transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month), Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.2 Television
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 a.Television programmes
Title of programme, (Year of transmission), Name of channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 b.Episodes of a television series
'Title of episode', (Year of transmission), Title of programme, Series and episode numbers, Name of Channel, Date of transmission (day/month)20.2 c.Television programmes/series on DVD/Blu-ray
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Director and writer, Date of original broadcast, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 d.Separate episodes from DVD/Blu-ray box sets
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Title of compilation or box-set, [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.2 e.Television programmes viewed on the internet
'Title of episode', (Year of distribution), Title of programme/series, Series and episode numbers, Name of channel, Day of transmission, [Online] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.3 Audio/video downloads
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, Name of download site, [Download] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.4 Music or spoken word recordings on audio Cds/audio CD-ROMs
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [CD] Place of distribution: distribution company20.5 Music or spoken word recordings on audio cassettes
Artist, (Year of distribution), Title of recording, [Audio cassette] Place of publication: publisher20.6 Liner notes
Artist, (Year), Title of liner notes text, in, Title of recording [CD liner notes] Place of distribution: distribution company20.7 Lyrics from songs
Lyricist, (Year of distribution), Title of song, Place of distribution: distribution company20.8 Musical scores
Composer, (Year of publication) Title of score, Notes, Place of publication: publisher20.9 Films/movies
20.9 a.Films/movies
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [Film] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 b.Films on DVD/Blu-ray
Title of film, (Year of distribution), Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 c.Directors' commentaries on DVD/Blu-ray
Name of commentator, (Year), 'Director's commentary' Name of film Directed by [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 d.Interviews with directors of films
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview' Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of film [DVD] or [Blu-ray] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 e.Films on video cassettes
Title of film or programme (Year of distribution) Directed by [Video cassette] Place of distribution: distribution company20.9 f.Films on Youtube
Name of person posting video, (Year video posted), Title of film or programme, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.10 Podcasts
Author/presenter, (Year that the video was published/last updated), 'Title of podcast', Title of internet site, [Podcast] Day/month of posted message, Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.11 Phonecasts/programmes transmitted to mobile
'Title of Phonecast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Phonecast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.12 Screencasts/video capturing
'Title of Screencast', (Year of production), Title of webpage, [Screencast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)20.13 Vidcasts/vodcasts
Author, (Year that the site was published/last updated), 'Title of vidcast', Title of website, [Videocast] Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
20.14 Microform (microfiche and microfilm)
Author, (Year of publication), Title of microform, [Medium] Place of publication: publisher
21. Interviews
Name of person interviewed, (Year of interview), 'Title of the interview', Interviewed with/interviewed by, Interviewer's name, Title of publication or broadcast, Day and month of interview22. Public communications
22.1 Lectures/seminars/webinars/video conferences
Author/speaker, (Year), 'Title of communication', [Medium] Day/month22.2 Electronic discussion groups and bulletin boards
Author of message, (Year of message), 'Subject of the message', discussion group or bulletin board, Date posted: day/month [Online] Available email: email address22.3 Entire discussion graouphs or bulletin boards
List name, (Year of last update), [Online] Available email: email address (Accessed: date)22.4 Press releases/announcements
Author/organisation, (Year issued), Title of communication, [Press Release] Day/month
or if available online add:
Available at: URL (Accessed: date)
22.5 Leaflets
Author individual or corporate, (Date if available), Title, [Leaflet obtained...] Date 22.6 Advertisements
Source (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Date, page, url, accessed.22.7 Display boards (for example in museums)
Title (Year of production) Display board at, Name of venue, city, Date observed
22.8 Minutes of meetings
Author individual or group, (Year of meeting), 'Item being referenced' Title and date of meeting, Organisation, Location of meeting
22.9 RSS feeds
ref details of original source, not the rss feeds
23. Personal communications
Sender/Speaker/author, Medium of communication, Receiver of communication, Day/month of communication
24. Genealogical sources
24.1 Birth, marriage or death certificates
'Name of person' (Year), Certified copy of ...certificate for, Full name of person forenames, surname, Day/month/year of event, Application number from certicate, Location of registration office
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